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Research Methods
Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| validity | the accuracy of an assessment |
| scientific method | the process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions |
| inductive reasoning | reasoning where the ideas seek to find strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of conclusion |
| deductive reasoning | process of reasoning to reach a logically certain conclusion |
| concept | an abstract idea or thought |
| construct | characteristic/ trait being evaluated |
| theory | contemplative + rational type of abstract or generalized thinking |
| laws | statement of fact, deduced from observation, always occurs |
| model (3) | abstract (concepts only in the mind) economics (theoretical construct representing processes) physical (physical copy of object) |
| paradigm | distinct concept or thought pattern/ universally recogonized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners |
| hypothesis | a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation |
| null hypothesis | refers to a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena |
| directional hypothesis | the experimenter predicts the relationship that will exist and the direction of the relationship |
| non-directional hypothesis | the experimenter predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the relationship is not present |
| variable | logical set of attributes, ability to change or adapt |
| qualitative variable | variables that take numerical values and represent some kind of measurement |
| categorical variable | aka qualitative variable classified as being nominal or ordinal and take a value |
| experimental variable | something that the experimenter changes during the course of an experiment |
| independent variable | intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable |
| dependent variable | variable being tested in a scientific experiment, constant variable |
| intervening/ extraneous variable | hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships between observed variables |
| parameters | a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation |
| data | set of values of quantitative and qualitative variables restated pieces of data are individual pieces of information |
| quantitative data | data that can be quantified and verified and is amenable to statistical manipulation defines |
| qualitative data | data that approximizes or characterizes but does not emasure attributes, characteristics, properties etc... describes |
| objectivity | a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth |
| rigorousness | quality or state of being very accurate |
| evaluation | systematic collection and analysis of data to address some criteria to make judgements about the worth of improvement of somehting |
| research | systematic collection of data to answer a theoretical question |
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