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Speech Sounds 2220
Speech Sound Disorder Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| allophone | one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. Ex. k in skit vs kit |
| anterior | articulation production in frontal region; /m/, /n/, /p/, /f/, /v/ |
| articulation | formation of speech sounds, surface form of sounds (used interchangeably with phonetic) |
| assimilation | when a sound becomes more like it’s neighbor, the result of co-articulation (harmony process) |
| avoidance | when a child does not produce words that do not contain sounds within a specific child’s inventory |
| canonical babbling | repetitive sound and sound combinations, typically consists of repeating syllables (CVCV) |
| closed syllable | syllable that ends in a consonant |
| co-articulation | modifications to speech productions based on the phonemic construction of a word |
| Code Switching | the practice of alternating between two or more language |
| cognates | words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation (telephone & telefono) |
| continuants | speech sound produced with an incomplete closure of the oral tract (/s/, /z/, /v/, /f/) opposite of a stop |
| contoids | not true consonant productions, a sound made with enough closure of the oral cavity to produce audible friction in the mouth |
| cooing | sound babies make, does not resemble a phoneme (pre-linguistic stage 2; 2-4 months) |
| coronal | articulation position in which blade of tongue is raised from its neutral position |
| deletion | refers to completely taking out a phoneme from a word |
| diacritics | sign which when written above a letter indicates a difference in pronunciation from the same letter when unmarked or marked differently |
| dipthongs | sound formed by the combination of two vowels in one syllable |
| distinctive feature | smallest individual sound property, Ex. voiced vs unvoiced, nasal vs non-nasal, vowel vs consonant |
| distortion | refers to a phoneme that is said incorrectly |
| distributed | long oral-sagittal constriction (/z/, /s/ esh) |
| phonatory skills | primary function = eating, secondary function = talking (lips, jaw, tongue, larynx, etc.) |
| phoneme | theoretical "mental image" of a distinct units of sound in a specific language that distinguish one word from another |
| phonemic | refers to phonemes |
| phonemic contrasts | distinguishing between minimal pairs |
| phonetic | relating to speech sounds |
| phonological development | development of phonology - babbling, cooing, 50-word phase, etc |
| phonology | |
| phonotactics | distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from, Ex. what the linguistic functions of /s/ are |
| place | |
| pitch | |
| pre-linguistic Stages | |
| pre-linguistic Vocalizations | |
| prosody | |
| reduplicated babbling | |
| reflexive crying | |
| resonatory skills | determines speech production ability, have primary functions such as crying and secondary function is speech |
| respiratory skills | determines speech production ability, must think about size, shape & composition (changes at infant ages as do production abilities) |
| salience | another word for importance, children’s active selection in early word production of sounds that are important or remarkable to the children |
| shared phonemes | phonemes that are shared between two languages (english & spanish = /t/, /b/, /p/, etc.) |
| ELL | |
| First 50 word stage | |
| Generative phonology | theoretical, underlying form of production (more than what you can just hear/see) |
| grammatical morpheme | |
| intelligibility | |
| interference | |
| jargon | |
| language loss | |
| linguistic development | |
| loudness | |
| manner | |
| markedness | complexity of sound production, lower frequency of occurrence in language |
| mastery | accuracy of speech sound production (typically 80%) |
| minimal pairs | pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme |
| natural phonology | |
| naturalness | simplicity of sound production, high frequency of occurrence in language |
| open syllable | syllable that ends in a vowel |
| ordering | errors that initially seem random, but where they become more organized, start to see patterns in errors (t/s & t/z then t/s & d/z) more closely approximating what target sound would be |
| perception skills | |
| perceptual constancy | |
| silent period | First stage of bilingual language learning (time in which child does not speak) |
| speech sound | the articulated sound produced in reality |
| speech sound disorder | |
| substitution | |
| suppression | |
| suprasegmentals | |
| syntactical function | |
| tempo/rate | |
| un-shared phonemes | phonemes that are not shared by two languages (English & Spanish = /v/, |
| variegated babbling | |
| vegetative sounds | |
| vocal play | pre-linguistic stage 3 (4-6 months) in which consonant sounds emerge and babies experiment with pitch |
| vocoids | not true vowel productions (/ɜ/,/^/, /i/), made with open oral cavity (fit the phonetic definition of either a vowel or a consonant but don't function as that in speech) |
| word shape | |
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