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URI BIO 244 Ch 2
Ch: 2 Cell Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mostly of lipid (fat) molecules and studded with proteins. | Plasma Membrane |
| Typically the largest single organized cell component, can be seen as a distinct spherical or oval structure, usually located near the center of the cell. | Nucleus |
| The nucleus is surrounded by a double layered membrane which separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. | Nuclear Envelope |
| The nuclear envelope is pierced by many of these things that allow necessary traffic to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. | Nuclear Pores |
| The nucleus houses this genetic materials, which along with associated nuclear proteins, is organized into chromosomes. | DNA |
| Each one of these consists of a different DNA molecule that contains a unique set of genes. Body cells contain 46 of them that can be sorted into 23 pairs on the basis of their distinguishing features. | Chromosomes |
| These are two important functions of DNA... | Serving as a genetic blueprint during replication and directing protein synthesis. |
| What is RNA? | Ribonucleic acid |
| Three types of RNA play a role in protein synthesis.... | Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| Messenger RNA | DNA's genetic code for a particular protein is first transcribed into this molecule, which exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores. It delivers the coded message to ribosomes within the cytoplasm. |
| Ribosomes | Read the DNA code from mRNA and translate it into the appropriate amino acid sequence for the designated protein being synthesized. |
| Ribosomal RNA | An essential component of robosomes. |
| Transfer RNA | Delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site in the protein under construction at the ribosome. |
| Gene Expression | Refers to the multistepped process by which information encoded in a gene is used to direct the synthesis of a protein molecule. |
| RNA Interference | When microRNA and small interfering RNA bind to mRNA and block the production of mRNA's protein product. |
| Genome | All of the genetic information coded in a complete single set of DNA in a typical body cell. |
| Proteome | The complete set of proteins that can be expressed by the protein-coding genes in the genome. |
| Epigentics | Studies environmentally induced modifications of a gene's activity that do not involve a change in the gene's DNA code. Environmental factors such as smoking, high fat diets, and stress can alter the way genes are expressed. |
| Lipidome | The full roster of lipids in the body cells. |
| Cytoplasm | The portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus. It contains a number of discrete, specialized organelles and the cytoskeleton dispersed within the cytosol. |
| Organelles | Distinct, highly organized structures that perform specialized functions within the cell. |
| Membranous organelle | A separate compartment within the cell that is enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane. The contents are separated from surrounding cytosol and contents of other organelles. |
| Nonmembranous organelle | Not surrounded by membrane and are in direct contact with the cytosol. Include ribosomes, proteasomes, vaults and centrioles. |
| Cytoskeleton | An interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extends throughout the cytosol. Gives the cell its shape, provides for its internal organization, and regulates various movements. Cell's bone and muscle. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Extensive, continuous membranous network of fluid filled tubules and flattened sacs, partially studded with ribosomes. Forms new cell membrane and other cell components and manufactures products for secretion. |
| Golgi Complex | Sets of stacked, flattened, membranous sacs. Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins. |
| Lysosomes | Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes. Serve as cell's digestive system, destroying foreign substances and cellular debris. |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs containing oxidative enzymes. Perform detoxification activities. |
| Mitochondria | Rod or oval shaped bodies enclosed by two membranes, with the inner membrane folded into cristae that project into an interior matrix. Major site of ATP production. |
| Proteasomes | Degrade unwanted intracellular proteins that have been tagged for destruction by ubiquitin. |
| Vaults | Shaped liked hollow octaganol barrels. Serve as cellular trucks for transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. |
| Centrioles | Form and organize microtubules during assembly of the mitotic spindle during cell division and form cilia and flagella. |
| Intermediary Metabolism Enzymes | Dispersed within the cytosol. Facilitate intracellular reactions involving degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules. Found within Cytosol. |
| Transport, secretory, and endocytic vesicles | Transport or store products being moved within, out of, or into the cell, respectively. Found within Cytosol. |
| Inclusions | Glycogen granules, fat droplets. Store excess nutrients. Found within Cytosol. |
| Microtubules | Maintain asymmetric cell shapes and coordinate complex cell movements, specifically serving as highways for transport of secretory vesicles within cell, serves as main structural/functional component of cilia and flagella. |
| Microfilaments | Play a vital role in various cellular contractile systems, including muscle contraction and amoeboid movement; serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli. Found in Cytoskeleton. |
| Intermediate filaments | Irregular, threadlike proteins. Help resist mechanical stress. Found in Cytoskeleton |
| Cytosol | The semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles. It is highly organized and gel-like with differences in composition. Found in Cytoskeleton. |
| Cilia | Short, tiny hair like protusions usually found in large numbers on the surface of a ciliated cell. |
| Flagella | Long, whip like appendages; typically, a cell has one or a few flagella at most. |
| Mitosis | The DNA containing chromosomes of the nucleus are replicated, resulting in two identical sets. |
| Free ribosomes | Synyhesize proteins for use within the cytosol. |
| Describe exocytosis | A secretory vessicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the vesicle contents to the cell exterior, The vesicle membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane. |
| Describe endocytosis | Materials from the cell exterior are enclosed in a segment of the plasma membrane that pockets inward and pinches off as an endocytic vesicle. |
| Describe pinocytosis | A droplet of ECF is taken up nonselectively. First the plasma membrane dips inwardly to form a pouch that contains a small amount of ECF, and then seals at the surface of the pouch, trapping the contents in a small endosome. |
| Describe phagocytosis | Large multimolecular particles are internalized. Only a few specialized cells are capable of phagocytosis, most notably white blood cells. |
| Cellular respiration | Refers collectively to the intracellular reactions in which energy rich molecules are broken down to form ATP, using O2 and producing CO2 in the process. |
| What are the stages of cellular respiration> | Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorulation |
| What is Glycolysis | A chemical process involving 10 sequential reactions that break down glucose, a six carbon sugar molecule, into two pyruvate molecules, each with 3 carbons. |
| What happens during glycolysis? | Glycolysis splits glucose (6 carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (three carbons each), with a net yield of 2 ATP plys 2 NADH (available for further energy extraction by the electron transport system) |
| Describe the Citric Acid Cycle | A cyclical series of 8 biochemical reactions that are catalyzed by the enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix. Also known as the Kreb's Cycle. |
| What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? | The two carbons entering the cycle by means of acetyl-CoA are eventually converted to CO2 with oxaloacetate, which accepts acetyl-CoA, being regenerated at the end of the cyclical pathway. The hydrogens released bind to NAD+ and FAD for further processing |
| Describe Oxidative Phosphorylation | The process by which ATP is synthesized using energy released by electrons as they are transferred to O2. This process involves two groups of proteins: electron transport system and ATP synthase. |
| Electron transport system | Consists of electron carriers found in four large stationary protein complexes, numbered I, II, III, and IV, along with two highly mobile electron carriers - cytochrome c and ubiquinone, which shuttle electrons between the major complexes. |
| ATP Synthase | Consists of a basal unit embedded in the inner membrane, connected by a stalk to a headpiece located in the matrix, with the stator bridging the basal unit and headpiece. |
| Chemiosis | ATP production in mitochondria catalyzed by ATP synthase, which is activated by flow of H+ down a concentration gradient established by the electron transport system. |
| Describe the functions of NAD and FAD | They are both carriers for hydrogen molecules where the hydrogen can be further processed by the electron transport system. |
| State and explain the First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be neither created no destroyed. Therefore, energy is subject to the same kind of input-output balance as are the chemical components of the body, such as water and salt. |
| Describe oxidation reduction reactions | 1 molecule loses an electron (Oxidation) and 1 molecule gains an electron (Reduction) OIL RIG |
| What happens when oxygen is not available during glycolysis? | 2 pyruvates produce 2 Lactates, also known as lactic acid. |
| The Linking Step | During cellular respiration, this is where glycolysis and the Kreb's Cycle (or Citric Acid Cycle) are linked. Pyruvate tranfers carbons to the acetyl group, forming acetyl - CoA. |
| Describe chemiosmotic coupling | The production of ATP via a proton (H+) gradient (protein pump). |
| Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions | Endergonic reactions require energy while exergonic reactions release energy. |
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