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Wgu Module 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is codominance? | When both traits and a combination of those traits are exhibited. Ex: red,red,white,red+white |
| What is incomplete dominance? | When both traits and those traits mixed are exhibited. Ex: red,white,pink,pink |
| What is complete dominance? | Both traits are exhibited only. Ex:red,red,white,white |
| Double bond between w sulphur atoms in cysteine side chains is what kind of bond? | Disulfide bond |
| What is a hydrophobic interaction? | An interaction between R groups od hydrophobic amino acids. |
| Amino acids are linked together by what specific type of bond? | Peptide bond |
| What is a single protein chain consisting of several amino acids bonded by peptide bonds? | Polypeptide |
| Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide? | Primary structure |
| Spatial arrangement of 2 or more individual polypeptide chains known as subunits? | Quarternary structure |
| Electrostatic interaction between two ionic groups of opposite charge is what? | Ionic interactions |
| Local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone atoms with out regard to confirmations of its side chains? | Secondary structure |
| Single polypeptide chain that is part of a protein with quarternary structure? | Subunit |
| Primary structure has what type of bond? | Peptide bonds |
| What secondary structure shapes and what bond stabilizes structure? | A he lives and beta sheets with hydrogen bonds |
| What type of bonds or interactions are susceptible to temperature changes? | Hydrophobic bonds |
| Carrier parents with both genders equally effected? | Autosomal recessive |
| Carrier parents with only males effected? | Sex liked recessive |
| Recessive diseases are inherited when a person inherits what? | 2 copies one from each carrier parent. |
| A person that is a carrier of A recessive trait has what? | One copy of the recessive trait unless make and recessive trait is on the x chromosome?? |
| Describe hemoglobin and what it does. | Delivers oxygen to the lungs and tissues. Exists in the R state-planar-red color-oxygenated state,dark purple color- T state-deoxygenated. Contains a heme group w/iron atom positioned in middle of the structure. |
| Primary structure | Stringing of amino acids of peptide bonds |
| Peptide backbone causes shape pleated sheet a helices & hydrogen bond causes shape. | Secondary structure |
| Tertiary structure | R groups added, folds back on self to R-R interactions- twists,bends,kinks-all types of bonds |
| Contains one polypeptide chain called subunit each (subunit) chain have there own tertiary structure,chains interact via R group interactions. | Quarternary structure |
| Hydrolysis | Water is added to break down bond |
| Dehydration | Water is removed to build a peptide bond between amino acids |
| What amino acids will not cross blood brain barrier? | Polar |
| What types of amino acid is easily cross blood brain barrier? | Hydrophobic |
| What group is always interior in tertiary structure,away from water and hydrophobic interactions to exclude water? | Hydrophobic-non polar |
| Cysteine | Polar-hydrogen bond,disulfide bridges which are strong covalent bond. Found in proteins -skin,hair,nails |
| Charged | Have negative & positive groups & charge, can from ionic bonds, If mutated one would repel each other & disrupt tertiary structure |
| Polar | Hydrophilic uncharged R group from hydrogen bonds & If mutated interaction would be disrupted & tertiary structure affected. |
| Nurture that affects nature environmental factors that affect DNA, inheritance no change to nucleotides but to structure of nucleosomes. Can increase and decrease gene expressions. | Epigentics |
| Proteins that read promoter region & signal RNA polymerase to synthesis | Transcription factors |
| Proteins promote cooling of DNA & prevent tangling | Histones |
| Histone & dsDNA | Nucleosome |
| NH+3 | Amino group |
| COO- | Carboxyl group |
| Can't bind with polar but is not hydrophobic or charged. | Glycine |
| -H | Glycine |
| What bond has a R group with a negative or positive at the end | Charged bond |
| What bond has a R group that has a. -OH & -NH on the end? | Polar |
| What bond has a -SH at the end of the group? | Polar -cysteine |
| In hemoglobin CO (carbon monoxide) stabilizes the __ state? | Relaxed state |
| I'm hemoglobin 2,3-BPG stabilizes the ___ state? | Tense state |
| In hemoglobin +H stabilizes the ___ state? | Tense state |
| What increases in pregnant woman so increased o2 goes to the baby? | Tense state |
| How does hemoglobin bind to oxygen? | Quarternary structure when bonds to oxygen causes a shift to tertiary structure. When oxygen binds it will shift from T state to R state and encourages the 2nd,3rd,4th. |
| Template strand of DNA is 5-3 mRNA 3-5 how is mRNA read to determine codons? | Flip mRNA to run 5-3 |
| What is used to separate strands and create mRNA strand for mRNA? | RNA polymerase |
| What is on the 5' end and what is on the 3' end? | 5-phosphate. 3-sugar |
| DNA is made up of? | Phosphate,base AGCT and deoxyribose sugar |
| Amino acid proteins include what? | Carboxyl group,amino group & R chain/side chain |
| Enzyme and bond is determined by what? | R chain/side chain |
| Damage to a single nucleotide,DNA repair enzyme removes base,DNA polymerase inserts new base,DNA ligase repairs nick (backbone) | Base excision repair |
| Damage to small number of bases,DNA repair enzyme cuts out damaged area, DNA polymerase will fill in DNA ligands deals Nick in backbone. | Nucleotide Excision Repair |
| Broken ends of DNA are glued together with out regard for sequence (last resort) | Non-homologous repair |
| Info from intact strand of DNA provides needed sequence to repair damage. | Homologous repair |
| RNA is produced in what direction? | 5'-3' new strand 3'-5' template strand |
| To determine amino acid of a tRNA strand must write in what direction? | 5'-3'--If written in 3'-5' must invert |
| What is mRNA into amino acid using mRNA as template for tRNA using base pairing and three nucleotides code for a particular codon? | Translation |
| Where does translation occur? | In ribosome and cytoplasm |
| Females get what chromosome from mom & dad? | XX |
| Makes get what chromosome for mom & dad? | X mom Y dad |
| What type of structures do amino acids come in? | Primary,secondary,tertiary and quarternary |
| Structure name,shape and bond? | Primary-linear-peptide:secondary-A helixs,Beta sheets,random coil-hydrogen bond:Tertiary-held together by R groups-hydrophobic-charged-Polar, hydrophobic-weak bond-contributes most of the structures stability found in interior of protein. |
| In what ways can we target enzymes? | Modify diet,enzyme therapy,drugs increase substrate of enzyme |
| In what disease does a excess of mucus enzyme cause? | Cystic fibrosis |
| Dominant trait has ____ parents? | No carrier parents |
| Effected male parent and all daughters? | Sex liked dominent |
| What is polymerase chain reaction? | Genetic testing |
| PCR- includes what structures? | Template DNA, Nucleotides,DNA primer,DNA polymerase |
| Steps involved in PCR? | 1st-Denaturation , 2nd Annealing , 3rd Elongation |
| DNA primer in PCR does what? | Book ends gene that is getting looked at and gives polymerase help starting. |
| Polymerase in PCR does what? | Copies DNA |
| How much product is produced after each cycle of PCR? | 2 molecules 1st round and doubles each round.little product means no mutation ,large amount means mutation present. |
| What can cause imbalance of molecules in a pathway leading To disease? | Defective or absent enzyme ex: parkinsons,cystic fibrosis |
| Enzyme activity is what leading to disease or inhibition of an enzyme can improve a condition? | Activity is increased. Ex: erectile dysfunction |
| What type of bond can be broken by heat? | Hydrophobic |
| What bond can be broken by salt concentration or ph? | Hydrogen & ionic |
| What bond is strong and can be broken by a chemical? | Disulfide bond |
| One nucleotide (letter) changed and now codes for stop codon. | Nonsense |
| Single nucleotide changed and changes the protein made? | Missense |
| Change a single nucleotide(letter) | Point mutations |
| One nucleotide changed but same amino acid is coded | Silent |
| DNA copies using 5'-3' (non coding) template strand with complementary base pairing | Replication |
| DNA into mRNA using antiparelle base pairing exchanging T in DNA for U in mRNA | Transcription |
| Every one has a carboxyl group,amino group and a R group/side chain | Amino acid |
| Only have to inherit one copy of bad gene to show the disease. | Dominant disease |
| R chain ends in CH | Hydrophobic bond |
| What part of the amino acid determines the type? | R chain/side chain |
| Heat DNA to 95c which separates strands | Denaturation |
| Cooled to 50c,primer sticks to region of DNA copied , primer provides 3' prime end for DNA polymerase | Annealing |
| 70c enables DNA polymerase to copy nucleotides to make new strands of DNA | Elongation |
| Adding of 2 nucleotides in DNA which disrupts mRNA & protein made. | Insertion |
| Removal of 2 nucleotides disrupts mRNA and protein made. | Deletion |
| PCR techniques to repair mutations | Make primers that flank to mutations & sequence products, make primers that stick (anneal) to the mutation. |
| 1/2 female carriers,1/2 female healthy,1/2 male healthy,1/2 male carriers | Sex linked recessive |
| PCR little product produced means__ mutation a lot means __ mutation. | Little,alot |
| What happens with out NER enzyme? | Mutations accumulate since not being fixed proteins that keep cell division in check are damaged and can lead to cancer. |
| Causes of mutations? | X Rays,carcinogens, RNA polymerase |
| Proofreading/Mismatch repair | Mistake in DNA replication. DNA repair enzyme recognizes mistake,DNA polymerase removes in correct base by back tracking and removing one. Ligands deals remaining nick. |
| Uncontrolled cell divison? | Cancer |
| Repairs mutations? | NER |
| Stores oxygen in muscle cells. 1 subunit,1 polypeptide chain binds to 1 oxygen molecule in low concentrations & only releases when oxygen levels are low. | Myoglobin |
| Delivers oxygen by picking up in lungs and delivers to tissue. 4 subunits and each binds to one oxygen molecule. | Hemoglobin |
| R group ends in -OH & -NH | Polar |
| R group Ends in -SH | Cysteine -disulfide bond |
| + or - at the end of the R group | Charged -Ionic bond |
| R group Ends in CH | Hydrophobic |
| Both parents unaffected with affected children? | Carrier parents |
| Both parents affected can have unaffected children? | Autosomal dominant |
Created by:
Emilyramos
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