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Reproductive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Male gametes | Spermatozoa |
| Female gametes | Ova |
| XX = | Female |
| XY = | Male |
| Autosomes come in pairs: __ pairs Each in a pair carries same complement of genes | 22 ; |
| Haploid: 23 chromosomes: 22 autosomes, 1 ___ | Sex |
| Diploid: ___ chromosomes: ___ autosomes, ___ sex | 46 ; 44 ; 2 |
| Produce gametes in males | Gonads |
| Secrete sex hormones: Male ; Female | Testes ; Ovaries |
| Act of mating | Copulation |
| First two months: | Embryo |
| After two months: | Fetus |
| About nine months: | Parturition or birth |
| Sex is determined by the... | Male |
| Sperm storage | Vas deferens |
| Sperm maturation | Epididymis |
| Sperm production | Seminiferous tubules |
| Site of sperm production, maturation and storage | Male gonads |
| Secrete testosterone | Leydig cells (interstitial cells) |
| Support sperm development [cells] | Sertoli cells (epithelial cells) |
| Male copulatory organ | Penis |
| Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins | Seminal vesicles |
| Secrete citrate, zinc and enzymes | Prostate gland |
| Secrete viscous fluid with mucus | Bulbourethral glands |
| Gonadotropins | FSH, LH |
| Stimulates gametogenesis | FSH |
| Stimulates androgen secretion | LH |
| Simulates spermatogenesis | Testosterone |
| Causes development of secondary sexual characteristics | Testosterone |
| Causes sex drive in men | Testosterone |
| Causes protein synthesis in skeletal muscle | Testosterone |
| Sperm Head | Chromosomes |
| Where are enzymes necessary for fertilization found on the sperm? | Acrosome |
| Midpiece [sperm] | Mitochondria |
| Whiplike movements propel sperm | Tail |
| [Step 1] Spermatozoa released into lumen of ______ _______... for how long? | seminiferous tubules ; Immotile – 20 days |
| [Step 2] Move to epididymis by peristaltic contractions and flow of lumenal fluid where they.. | Acquire motility |
| [Step 3] Move to ___ _______ by peristalsis | vas deferens |
| [Step 4] Remain in ___ ______ until ejaculation | vas deferens |
| [1] Response to mechanical stimulation continues from erection to ________ [2] Neural activity shifts from __________ control to ___________ control | [1] Emission [2] Parasympathetic ; sympathetic |
| Results in the movement of semen (sperm and fluid) into urethra | Contractions of epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct combined with Secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate.... |
| Cyclic changes in activity | Menstrual cycle |
| Restricted periods of fertility | Ovulation |
| Site of fetal development | Uterus |
| [3] layers of the uterus | Outer layer = perimetrium Middle layer = myometrium Inner layer = endometrium |
| Smooth muscle, thickest layer of the uterus | Myometrium |
| Epithelial cells and connective tissue [uterus] | Perimetrium |
| Layer of epithelial cells, Layer of connective tissue, Numerous glands [uterus] | Endometrium |
| Also called fallopian tubes or oviducts | Uterine Tubes |
| Site of fertilization | Uterus |
| ______ >> ova | Oogonia |
| Females: number of _______ is fixed prior to birth | Oogonia |
| Repeated changes in the ovary and uterus through time | – Ovarian cycle – Uterine cycle |
| Follicular phase | Menstruation > ovulation – ~14 days |
| Luteal phase | Ovulation > before menstruation – 14 days |
| Ovarian Cycle [2 parts] | Follicular phase, Luteal phase |
| Ovarian cycle: [Step 1] Primary follicles mature and secretes ________ | Estrogen |
| Ovarian cycle: [Step 2] Primary _______ undergoes meiosis and produces secondary oocyte and polar body | Oocyte ; |
| Ovarian cycle: [Step 3] Secondary oocyte is _________ | Ovulated |
| Ovarian cycle: [Step 4] Remaining follicle cells become ______ ______ and secretes estrogen and progesterone | Corpus luteum |
| Ovarian cycle: [Step 5] If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum | Disintegrates |
| Uterine cycle [Step 1] ___________ is considered the start of the cycle | Menstruation |
| Uterine cycle [Step 2] ________ thickens | Endometrium |
| Uterine cycle [Step 3] Ovulation and formation of the _____ ______ occur | Corpus luteum |
| Uterine cycle [Step 4] ________ _______ to endometrium increases | Blood supply |
| Uterine cycle [Step 5] Corpus luteum ___________ if no fertilization occurs | Degenerates |
| Uterine cycle [Step 6] ___________ begins again | Menstruation |
| _____ is first secreted from follicle, then from the corpus luteum | Estrogen |
| _____secreted from corpus luteum | Progesterone |
| LH and FSH secreted from | Anterior pituitary |
| Estrogens and progesterone inhibit___ and ___secretion | LH, FSH |
| If fertilization and subsequently pregnancy occurs.. ____ _____ _____ is released by the embryo | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| Prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| HCG is detectable in mother’s blood__-__ days after fertilization and urine < __ weeks | 7-9 ; 2 |
| __-__ months into pregnancy placenta produces enough estrogen and progesterone to keep ovarian and uterine cycles from proceeding | 2-3 |
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