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Chap 5 Psych 481
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In operant conditioning , what is the signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome? | a discriminative stimuli |
| What states that the opportunity to perform a highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior ? | Premack principle |
| What is the theory of the Premack principle? | The opportunity to perform a highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior. |
| who is David Premack? | A student of B. F. Skinner, who develop a theory to use responses as reinforcers. |
| what is a later extension of the Premack principle that suggest that opportunity to perform any behavior can be reinforcing if access to that behavior is restricted, | Response deprivation hypothesis |
| What is the part of the brain that helps determine subjective values of punishers, such as whether the intense heat of a chili pepper on the tongue is perceived as pleasurable or painful ? | insular cortex (insula) |
| Where is the insular cortex located? | a region of the cortex lying in the fold between parietal and temporal lobes |
| what is the role the insular cortex plays? | involves in conscious awareness of bodily and emotional states and may play a role in signaling the aversive value of stimuli.. |
| What is in the sub-region of the prefrontal cortex that may play a role in the motivational value of pain and punishment, | dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACCC) |
| what is a strong habit or compulsion that is maintained despite known harmful consequences. | pathological addiction |
| What are addictive behaviors rather than drugs that produces reinforcements or highs, as well as cravings and withdrawal symptoms when the behavior is prevented, | Behavioral addictions. |
| The part of basal ganglia in the brain that contains dopamine-producing neurons that project to the striatum, | substantia nigra par compacta (SNc) |
| What region of the brain that is important for stimulus-response learning? | dorsal striatum |
| The region of the brain that lies at the base of the forebrain and includes the dorsal striatum. | basal ganglia. |
| Why is the substantia nigra par compacta( SNc) important? | It is important for stimulus-response learning, |
| A region of the midbrain that contains dopamine-producing neurons which project to the frontal cortex and other areas of the brain, | ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
| The theory that organisms have innate drives to obtain primary reinforcers and that learning is driven by the biological need to reduce those drivesl | drive reduction theory, |
| What is the process of providing outcomes for a behavior that increases the probability of the behavior occurring again in the future | Reinforcement |
| A consequence of behavior that leads to decreased likelihood of that, behavior occurring again in the future, | punisher |
| A stimulus that has no intrinsic biological value but that has been paired with primary reinforcers or that provide access to primary reinforcers. | secondary reinforcer. |
| A stimuli such as food and sleep that can function as reinforcers due to their innate biological value to the organisms. | primary reinforcer, |
| A reinforcement schedule in which every instance of the response is followed by the consequence. | continuous reinforcement schedule |
| A reinforcement schedule in which only some responses are reinforced, | partial reinforcement schedule |
| what is a fixed-ratio schedule (FR) | in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule in which a specific number of responses are required before a reinforcer is delivered, |
| What does FR5 mean? | that reinforcement arrives after every fifth response. |
| What is a brief pause following a period of fast responding leading to reinforcement with a fixed -ratio schedule? | postreinforcement pause, |
| What is a fixed-interval (FI) schedule? | a reinforcement schedule in which the first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced. . |
| What does FI-m mean? | that reinforcement arrives for the first response made after one-minute interval since the last reinforcement, |
| What is a reinforcement schedule in which a certain number of responses on average are required before a reinforcers is delivered? | variable -ratio schedule. |
| What is a VR-5? | that on average, every fifth response is reinforced. |
| A reinforcement schedule in which the first response after a fixed amount of time, on average, is reinforced. | VI Variable -interval schedule, |
| Operant Conditioning and Classical conditioning are both | forms of associative learning |
| Operant Conditioning | Organisms associate their own behavior with consequences. |
| Classical Conditioning | Organisms form associations between stimuli - CS and US |
| Eating is what when the person is hungry? | a negative reinforcer |
| What determines the effectiveness of operant conditioning? | 1. Timing from behavior to consequences, and 2. Relationship between behavior and consequence ( schedule) |
| The closer in time the behavior and consequence | the better the learning. |
| What determines the change in behavior? | The outcome. |
| A consequence of behavior that leads to increased likelihood of that behavior in the future, | A reinforcer |
| Response decreases | Punishment |
| They are biological value to the organism and therefore the organisms will tend to repeat that behavior that provided access to these things, | primary reinforcers |
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