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Exam 2 Patho
Exam 2 Pathophysiology LPN
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the factors affecting wound healing | Nutrition, Blood Supply, Infection, Age |
| Scar | Cicatrix |
| 1st degree burn | Superficial- epidermis only |
| 2nd degree burn | Superficial partial thickness- epidermis and portion of dermis Deep partial thickness- epidermis and dermis (sweat gland damage) |
| 3rd degree burn | Full thickness- full skin and subcutaneous tissue |
| Face (BSA) | 4.5% anterior 4.5% posterior **burns on face look for breathing- may need oxygen |
| Trunk (BSA) | 18% anterior 18% posterior |
| Legs (BSA) | 9% each anterior 9% each posterior |
| Arms (BSA) | 4.5% each anterior 4.5% each posterior |
| Groin (BSA) | 1% |
| Complication- burn injuries | Infection, respiratory (smoke inhalation), circulatory (loss of fluids and electrolytes) |
| Skin reddened/swollen from burn exposure | Erythematous |
| Herpes simplex virus (herpes) | Watery vesicles *cold sores and blisters Skin And Mucous membranes |
| Type 1 herpes | Lesions around nose and mouth |
| Type 2 herpes | Genital infection |
| Herpes zoster virus (shingles) caused by varicella virus | Infection follows nerve pathways- vesicular lesions along course of nerve |
| S/S of shingles | Pain, increased sensitivity, itching *usually last longer than a year |
| Herpes zoster treatment | Antiviral drugs |
| Serous exudate (considered normal) | Clear thin watery plasma *skin blisters and wound drainage |
| Purulent exudate | Yellow, green or opaque *Wound infection, sputum, cellulitis |
| Hemorrhagic exudate | Bloody drainage *Hemorrhage from wound site |
| Serosanguineous exudate | Clear with a little blood in it *Jackson-Pratt and Penrose drains |
| Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) *Metabolic disorder* -poor diet and inadequate exposure to sunlight | Affects bones and growth plates causing skeleton to remain soft and become distorted |
| Closed fracture | Simple bone fracture with no open wound |
| Open fracture | Protrudes through skin |
| Greenstick fracture | One side of bone is broken and the other is bent *common in children |
| Impacted fracture | Broken ends are jammed into each other |
| Comminuted fracture | Multiple fracture lines, splintered or crushed bone |
| Spiral fracture | Bone is twisted apart |
| Transverse fracture | Fracture goes straight across bone |
| Oblique fracture | Break occurs at an angle |
| Osteoporosis (porous, fragile bones) *prone to fracture weight bearing bones | Risks- insufficient calcium,age, smoking, multiparity, birth control, menopause, prolonged steroid or heparin therapy |
| Osteoporosis changes | Weakened bone, loss of height, spinal deformities, fracture, pathologic fracture(occurs for no reason at anytime |
| Osteoporosis complications | Hypovolemic shock, hemorrhage, fat embolism (cardinal symptom-chest pain and local pain. Doppler study will detect clots) |
| Osteosarcoma (malignant tumor or neoplasm that develops in bone tissue) | Occurs in a young persons body in bone's growing region (especially around knee) |
| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone caused by pyogenic bacteria |
| Kyphosis | Hunchback |
| Lordosis | Swayback |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature |
| Myalgia | Muscle pain |
| Fibrositis | Inflammation of connective tissue associated with muscles and joints |
| Myasthenia gravis | Chronic muscular fatigue brought on by slightest exertion |
| First aid care of fractures | Control hemorrhage |
| Essential hypertension (no known cause) | Hypertension-excess enzyme renin produced in kidney- renin raises blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and water retention |
| Hypertension complications | Weaken vessels and produce aneurysms in vessel walls, stress the heart,stress the kidneys, predispose to atherosclerosis |
| Stage 1 hypertension | Systolic- 140-159 Diastolic- 90-99 *treated with excercise, low salt, low fat, weight loss, smoking cessation |
| Stage 2 hypertension | Systolic- over or = to 160 Diastolic- over or = to 100 *Treated with diuretic drugs, adrenergic blockers |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of the arteries by calcium salts and scar tissue |
| Atherosclerosis | Build up of plaque Platelets can aggregate at site and cause a thrombus, partial or complete blockage |
| Atherosclerosis complications | Heart disease, stroke, thrombis |
| Atherosclerosis risks | Diet high in fats (saturated fats) and smoking |
| Arterial degeneration signs and symptoms | Leg cramps, pain, headaches, dizziness, hypertension, palpitations, dyspnea, albumin in urine, ulceration and tissue necrosis |
| Arterial damage caused by diabetes | Gangrene in extremities for elderly patients |
| Aneurysm | Bulging sac in blood vessel wall causes weakness, which left untreated eventually yields to pressure and bursts |
| Varicose veins | Swollen, distorted, and ineffective superficial veins- blood pools in vessel |
| Varicose veins risks | Standing long periods of time, pregnancy *elastic stocking help to compress veins and decrease compliance |
| Phlebitis | Inflammation of vein- may contribute to clot formation, thrombophlebitis |
| Embolism | Complication of thrombosis- clot that has become loose and floats in blood |
| Positive Homans's sign | Pain with dorsiflexion of foot, associated with deep vein thrombosis |
| Anaphalactic shock | Severe allergic reaction |
| Hypovolemic shock | Decrease in volume of circulating blood, fluid, or water |
| Cardiogenic shock | Leading cause of shock death- ventricles fail to pump blood effectively. Complication- Myocardial infarction |
| Septic shock | Overwhelming bacterial infection |
| Signs of shock | Acidosis, increased heart rate, decrease in blood pressure |
| Symptoms of shock | Clam my skin, anxiety, low blood pressure, rapid pulse, rapid shallow breathing |
| Shock first aid | Place victim in horizontal position and cover to keep warm, turn head to prevent aspiration of vomited material, rapid response, give O2 and fluids |
| Shock | All measures are aimed at supporting circulation and improving cardiac output. O2 may need to be administered |
| Splenomegaly- Enlargement Of spleen- caused by liver disease, blood cancer, metabolic disorders and hypertension of hepatic vein | Accompanies infectious mononucleosis, scarlet fever,typhus fever, typhoid fever and syphillis |
| Infectious mononucleosis- caused by Epstein Barr virus (type of herpes virus) spread by saliva, affects B lymphocytes | S/s- skin rash, swollen lymph glands, pain LUQ (splenomegaly), loss of appetite, fatigue, sore throat,enlarged reddened tonsils, fever, headache |
| Mono treatment | Rest, throat soothing measures, acetaminophen/ibuprofen, low impact activity, gradually increase activity |
| Hodgkins disease-infects the lymph nodes (painless enlargement of lymph nodes) | S/s- weight loss, fever, night sweats, fatigue, anemia, decline in immune defense. Presence of Reed Sternberg |
| Hodgkins lymphoma and Non-hodgkin lymphoma treatment | Chemotherapy and radiation |
| Non-hodgkin lymphoma | Enlargement of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) especially in cervical region. No presence of Reed-sternberg cells |
| Lymphedema | Accumulation of fluid in lymph nodes caused by infection, tumor growth or injury |
| Lymphedema treatment | Mechanical methods to improve drainage and drugs to promote water loss |
| Apnea | Temporary cessation of breathing |
| Tachypnea | EXcessive rate of breath causes decreased ph level |
| Hyperpnea | Increase in depth and rate of breathing |
| Dyspnea | Subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing |
| Hypoxemia | Low O2 level in blood |
| Hypoxia | Low O2 in tissues |
| COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema | Chronic bronchitis- airway lining is inflamed and produces excessive secretion Emphysema- dilation and destruction of alveoli |
| COPD s/s *COPD is chronic | Normal air flow obstructed, reduced exchange of O2 and CO2, airtrapping and over inflation of lungs , dyspnea |
| Bronchitis | Inflammation of bronchioles |
| Asthma *Asthma is acute | Symptoms of asthma- wheezing, coughing, SOB |
| Asthma treatment | Inhaled steroids to prevent inflammation and bronchodilators to open airways |
| TB is caused by myobacterium tuberculosis | Risks- patient with chronic illness, elderly, low immunity, smokers, alcholics, homeless |
| Tb- enters lungs where T cells mediate response occurs to inactivate the diesease. Lesions form and may liquefy causing cavity in organ | Spreads to lymph nodes, thorax, trachea,bronchi, pleura (pleural effusion- collection of fluid in pleural space) |
| S/s of TB | Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, low-grade fever, productive cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, anxiety |
| Complications of TB | Obstructive respiratory disease, respiratory failure and death |
| Atelectasis | |
| Complete or partial collapse of lung- develops when alveoli become deflated- usually occurs 24-48 hours post op | |
| Atelectasis s/s | Troubled breathing, cough and low grade fever |
| Atelectasis treatment | Breathing excercises, medication, and surgery |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) | Inflammatory condition of the lung resulting from injury or infection. Alveoli fill with fluids, expand and burst |
| Causes of ARDS | Airway obstruction, sepsis, aspiration, allergy, lung trauma |
| Complication of ARDS | Pulmonary edema, dyspnea, decreased compliance, hypoxemia and formation of scar tissue in lungs, atelectasis |
| Pneumothorax- caused by wound in chest wall or rupture of the lung's air spaces | Accumulation of air in pleural space. Lung on affected side collapses partially or completely |
| Hemothorax- first priority is to stop bleeding | Blood in pleural space, caused by penetrating chest wounds |
| Pneumohemothorax | Accumulation of blood and gas in pleural cavity |
| Pulmonary embolism | Venous blood clot (venous thrombi)- lung infection (decreased blood flow) |
| Lung cancer s/s | Chronic cough, bloody sputum, recurrent pleural effusion, exudate accumulates in alveoli with pneumonia |
| Lung cancer risks | Smoking early in life, smoking large amount daily |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma | Tumor growth blocks bronchus- cutting off air supply to that lung, lung then collapses, trapping secretions which become infected resulting in pneumonia |
Created by:
Epirtle
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