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Ch 19 Bios 254
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the formed elements of blood? | "Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets", |
| What is hematocrit? | "The percentage of erythrocytes (red blood cells) out of the total blood volume. It makes up 45% of the blood", |
| Blood is the body's only ________ | Fluid tissue, |
| What percentage of the blood does plasma make up? | 55%, |
| What is the buffy coat? | "After blood has been put in a centrifuge, it is the thin layer of Leukocytes between the Plasma layer (top) and the Eurythrocytes (bottom) It is normally less than 1% of the of the blood.", |
| Describe the physical characteristics of blood. | "It is slightly acidic. Usually between 7.35 and 7.45 pH metallic taste 8% of the body weight Temperature is slightly higher |
| Blood transports Oxygen and nutrients from the digestive tract travel via the _____. | Portal Vein, |
| Blood transports Metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination travel via _____. | Intracellular Metablolism, |
| Blood transports Hormones from the _________ glands to target organs. | Endocrine, |
| Blood regulates: (3 things) | "Body temperature Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems. Adequate fluid volume in circulatory system", |
| What percentage of CO2 is carried out in the hemoglobin? | 20%, |
| Albumin is produced in the ______ | Liver, |
| Describe the shape of eruthrocytes | Bi-concave, |
| How does the body increase blood cells? | "They are renewed by the cells of the bone marrow. They do NOT divide.", |
| What is a unique characteristic of the WBC? | They are the only complete cells within the blood including a nucleus., |
| How does the body protect from blood loss? | By initiating a clot once a vessel is broken., |
| Blood prevents infection by: (3 things) | "Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies (B Lymphocytes) Activating complement proteins Activating WBC to defend the body", |
| Which cells are the killer cells? | T Cells, |
| What do B lymphocytes do? | Secrete antibodies, |
| Blood plasma contains how many solutes? | Over 100, |
| Name 2 characteristics of Erythrocytes | "Bi-concave which increases surface area More than 97% hemoglobin to function in gas transport", |
| What is hemoglobin composed of? | Two alpha and two beta chains with each being bound to a heme group, |
| What is a characteristic of a heme group? | They each bear an atom of iron which can bind to one oxygen., |
| How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin transport? | Four - one for each heme group., |
| How many hemoglobins does each RBC have? | 250 Million resulting in 1 billion molecules of oxygen for each red blood cell., |
| What is the mama stem cell in blood? | Hemocytoblasts, |
| What is the word for blood cell formation? | Hematopoiesis, |
| Where does hematopoieisis occur? | "In the axial skeleton and girdles On the Epiphyses of the humerus and femur Epiphyses is E for End.", |
| How does the hemocytoblast specialize? | The membrane surface has receptors which respond to different hormones in order to specialize., |
| What are the characteristics of circulating eurythrocytes (rbc)? 1 main and 2 sub. | "The number remains constant to maintain balance. Imbalance results in: Too few is tissue hypoxia Too many increases viscosity and also leads to tissue hypoxia.", |
| How long is the life cycle of Erythrocytes? (RBC) | 120 Days, |
| What is the term used for the creation of blood? | Erythropoiesis., |
| What hormone is released by the kidneys in order to create blood? | Erythropoeitin., |
| Free iron is (2 things) | "Toxic |
| Transported in the body by transferrin as a protein complex", | |
| Erythropoiesis requires (6 things) | "Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Iron vitamin b12 folic acid", |
| Describe the death of Erythrocytes through the release of amino acids into circulation. | "Old RBC become fragile begins to deteriorate;Engulfed by macrophages in spleen; Heme and globin are separated; Iron is salvaged for re-use; Globin is metabolized into amino acids and released into circulation", |
| Describe the death of erythrocytes beginning after the globin metabolization. | "Heme w/o iron degraded 2 yellow pigment-bilirubin; bilirubin bound 2 albumin; liver secretes bilirubin 2 intestines-bile; bile used in digestion; intestines metabolize bile 2 urobilinogen; degraded pigment exits in feces-stercobilin", |
| 2 characteristics of anemia: | "It is a symptom not a disease; it is when the blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity.", |
| 3 causes of anemia | "Hemorrhagic (loss of blood); Hemolytic (break down of blood); Aplastic (under productive bone marrow - indicative of leukemia)", |
| 3 types of anemia | Low iron is,microcytic anemia - cells are small,; Low b12 is,Pernicious anemia - requires intrinsic factor,; Abnormally large red blood cells is,macrocytic anemia, |
| 3 characteristics of sickle cell anemia | "Results from a defective gene with a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain (HB S); defect causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations; Patients with sickle cell have a better chance of surviving malaria.", |
| What are granulocytes and thier characteristics? | "They have granules; The three types are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.", |
| Which leukocytes are the big guns? | Neutrophils - make up 50-70%, |
| Eosinophils _____ | "Make up 1-4% of wbc's; Lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes.", |
| Basophils ________ | "Make up .5% of wbc's; Release histamine and heparin", |
| Agranulocytes _________ | "Two types: lympohocytes and monocytes; Lack visible granules", |
| The production of Leukocytes is called | Leukopoiesis, |
| Acute leukemia involves what type of cell? | blast type cell |
| Leukemia is characterized by what three things? | "Bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes (anemia); Large number of non-functional leukocytes are produced (high wbc count); Major cause of death is a bleeding infection.", |
| Mono-neucleosis is caused by what? | Epstein barr virus, |
| What are platelets? | Fragments of megakaryocytes, |
| Hemostasis is basically what? | Turning fibrinogen into fibrin in order to stop bleeding., |
| Describe platelet plug formation. | "Blood vessel is damaged; Platelets are attracted to the endothelium; Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers; This releases seratonin and ADP to attract more platelets.", |
| Coagulation involves what two types of pathways? | Intrinsic and Extrinsic, |
| What are the final three steps of coagulation? | "Prothrombin activator is formed; Prothrombin is converted to thrombin; Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh.", |
| Why is vitamin K important to clotting? | "It is required to synthesize the clotting factors 2,7,9 and 10.", |
| Define Thrombus | A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel., |
| Define Embolus: | A free floating thrombus., |
| What three substances can prevent a clot? | "Aspirin (blocks platelet plug); Heparin (Inhibits thrombin); Warfarin (aka coumadin - interferes with vitamin K synthesis)", |
| "Which blood groups, when improperly transfused, cause a vigorous reaction?" | ABO and Rh, |
| "In respect to the ABO blood group, what does it consist of?" | "Two antigens (A & B antiglutinogens) on the surface of the rbc's.; Two antibodies (anti A & anti B) in the plasma.", |
| What is hemolytic disease of a newborn a result of? | An Rh- mother is sensitized after the birth of an Rh+ child. Therefore the next child who is Rh+ runs the risk of being Hemolytic due to the antibodies the mother has developed., |
| What is polycythemia? | Too many rbc's, |
| What is the percentage of hemoglobin in normal blood? | 12-18% g/100 cc, |
| What are causes of polycythemia? | "lack of oxygen ie. COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, bone marrow cancer - heart failure if not enough blood is pumping enough nutrients; High altitude", |
| What are causes of anemia? | "Iron deficiency; kidney failure; hemmorhage", |
| How do you measure hemoglobin? | add some form of agent to lice the cell and use a heboglobinometer to remove and measure hemoglobin., |
| If blood types are crossed - the result is: | Clotting., |
| Cholesterol is made in the _____ | Liver |
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