Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Exam 1 anatomy 202
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages for RBC development? | hemocytoblast...myeloid stem cell...colony forming unit- erythrocyte (CFU-E)...proerythroblast...reticulocyte....Erythroctye |
| what event does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? | ventricles are in diastole |
| Where do hemocytoblasts originate from? | myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells |
| the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to | pump blood with greater pressure |
| What are blood cells formed from? | pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells- hemocytoblasts |
| What are the components of hemoglobin | globin-two alpha and beta chains Heme- irion containing, ringlike nonprotein pigment |
| blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the | left atrium |
| small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the | papillary muscles |
| How much hemoglobin usually makes up the RBC | about 1/3 of cells weight |
| Red blood cell (erythrocyte) | contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin males- 5.4 million/uL females- 4.8 million/uL |
| the source of blood carried to the capillaries in the myocardium would be the | coronary arteries |
| the fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it | pumps blood against a greater resistance |
| Platelets | special cell fragments, thrombocytes that help stop blood loss from damaged vessels |
| What is the most common WBC | Neutrophils |
| If cardiac muscle is deprived if its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from | decreased delivery of oxygen |
| if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells | tetanic contractions might occur might occur, which would stop the hearts pumping action |
| norepinephrine acts on the heart by | causing the threshold to be reached more quickly |
| if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that | the heart would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
| What are the two types of agranular leukocytes | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole | pulmonary trunk |
| which vessel receives blood during ventricular systole | both the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| which in not apart of the conduction system of the heart? | AV valve |
| the tricuspid valve is closed | when the ventricle is in systole |
| when viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by | noticing the thickness of ventricular walls |
| what are the AV valves supported by? | the chordae tendineae so that the regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur |
| What is true about myocardial cells? | the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all |
| what is the myocardium? | a layer of the heart that actually contracts |
| What are the three types of granular leukocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| during the period of ventricular filling | blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
| the second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle | isovolumetric relaxation |
| What is a statement about cardiac output | a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction |
| during contraction of the heart muscle cells | some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores |
| isovolumetric contraction | refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
| Where is the heart located? | between the lungs in the mediastinum with about two-thirds of its mass to the left of the midline |
| What are the layers of the pericardium? | outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium (epicardium) |
| What is the function of fibrous pericardium? | protects and anchors the heart, prevents over stretching |
| What does the serous pericardium have? | a parietal and visceral layers |
| Both the parietal and visceral layers makes what? | pericardial cavity and reduces the friction between two membranes |
| peridarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| bleeding into the pericardial cavity which compresses the heart and is potentially lethal | cardiac tamponade |
| What are the three layers of the heart? | epicardium myocardium endocardium |
| What kind of tissue is found in the epicardium and endocardium? | simple squamous ep, and connective tissue |
| What kind of tissue makes up the myocardium? | cardiac muscle tissue |
| What are the two types of valves? | AV and semilunar valves |
| Where is the tricuspid and bicuspid valve found? | in the AV valve |
| Where is the heart is the tricuspid valve found | between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| Where in the heart is the bicuspid valve found? | between left atrium and left ventricle |
| What two valves make up the semilunar valves? | pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valvve |
| Where does blood flow in the pulmonary semilunar valve? | from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk |
| Where does blood flow in the aortic semilunar valve? | from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta |
| What is the function of AV valves? | allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure |
| What is the function of semilunar valves? | allow blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta prevents blood from returning to ventricles |
| How do AV valves work? | ventricles, chordae tendineae papillary muscles relax AV valves close ventricles contract increase blood pressure in ventricles push valve cusps closed, papillary muscles contract pull cords and cusps don't evert |
| How do semilunar valves work? | open w/ ventricular contraction, allowing blood into pulmonary trunk and aorta Close w/ ventricular relaxation, blood fills valve cusps and tightly closes |
| What does the SA node do? | generates an action potential spontaneously 90-100 times per minute, begins heart activity that spreads through intercalated discs to all cardiac muscle cells in both atria |
| What does the AV node? | in atrial septum, fires at 40-50 times per minute, transmits bundle of His |
| What does AV bundle do? (bundle of His) | connection between atria and ventricles, divides into bundle branches |
| What do the right and left bundle branches do? | conduct signals quickly int the interventricular septum |
| What does the SA node do? | sets pace the fastest, in 50msec excitation spreads through both atria and down to AV node in 50 msec excitation spreads through both ventricles simultaneously |
| What is the sequence of in which the cardiac action potential spreads through the conduction system? | Excitation spreads from SA node to AV node which transmits signal to AV bundle, through the purkinje fibers and then to the SA node |
| Define the action potential of contractile fibers | resting membrane potential is -90mv, Na+ going into cell, slowly Ca+2 enters from outside the cell and K+ remain closed, Ca+2 binds to troponin in tension development, Ca+2 closes, K+ opens, -90mv is restored |
| systole | contraction |
| diastole | relaxation |
| P wave | .atrial depolarization |
| P to Q interval | conduction from atrial to ventricular excitation |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| What is the first sound on the ECG? | closingn of AV valves |
| What is the second sound on the ECG? | closing of SL valves |
| What is the end diastolic volume? | volume in ventricle at end of diastole, about 130 mL |
| What is end systolic volume? | volume in ventricle at end of systole. about 60 mL |
| what is stroke volume? | the volume ejected per beat from each ventricle, about 70 mL |
| What is cardiac output? | the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta |
| What is cardiac reserve? | the max cardiac output a person can achieve/ cardiac output at rest |
| What is preload? | affect of stretching greater the preload, greater the stroke volume |
| What is contractility? | strength of contraction at any given time positive-more forceful negative-less forceful |
| What is afterload? | backwards pressure the greater the pressure, stroke volume decreases |
| What are the structural and functional characteristics of the autonomic nervous system? | CNS-brain and spinal cord PNS- |
| Where are postganglionic located? | parasympathetic, sympathetic sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle and arrector pili muscle |
| What are preganglionic? | acetycholine |
| Sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic nervous system | rest and digest response |
| where is the ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system located? | close to visceral organ |
| where is the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system located? | alongside vertebral column and anterior to vertebral column |
| cholinergic neurons | release acetycholine |
| cholinergic receptors | receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that bind acetylcholine |
| Adrenergic neuron | release norepinephrine |
| Adrenergic receptors | bind norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| Transportation | O2 CO2 metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones |
| regulation | pH through buffers, body temp, water content of cells by interaction with dissolved ions and proteins |
| What is the average blood volume for males | 5-6 Liters |
| What is the average blood volume for females | 4-5 liters |
| how much saline is in the blood? | .85-.9% of total body weight |
| How is blood different from water | it is thicker and flows more slowly |
| Plasma | straw colored liquid that contains dissolved substances including clotting factors |
| serum | plasma minus the clotting factors |
| How much plasma and formed elements are formed in blood | 55% plasma and 45% formed elements |
| What are the percentages of the components in blood? | 91.5% water and 8.5% other solutes |
| What are the plasma proteins? | fibrinogen, globulins, and lipoproteins |
| What do fibrinogens do? | clotting factors |
| what do globulins do? | provide antibodies |
| What do lipoproteins provide? | albumins and specialized carrier proteins |
| what is vascular spasm | damage to blood vessel stimulates pain receptors |
| Platelet plug formation | platelets stick to exposed collagen in connective tissue underlying damaged epithelial cells in vessel wall |
| How does platelet plug formation work? | activation leads to activation of other platelets and release vasoconstrictors decreasing blood flow |
| what are the stages involved in blood clotting | formation of prothrombinase- intrinsic or extrinsic pathways conversion of prothrombin into thrombin- final common pathway conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
| Extrinsic pathway | leak tissue factor into bloodstream presence of Ca+2, clotting factors X combine with V form prothrombinase Faster pathway |
| Intrinsic pathway | slower pathway endothelium damaged and platelets come in contact with collagen of blood vessel wall |
| Final common pathway | catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
| How does fibrinolysis work? | it clots at a site of a completed repair, break down fibrin protein |
| What antigen and antibodies does blood type A have | antigen A and antibody B |
| What antigen and antibody does blood type B have | antigen B antibody A |
| what antigen and antibody does blood type AB have | both antigen A and B, no antibody |
| What antigen and antibody does blood type O have | no antigen, and antibody A and B |
| Universal recipients | blood type AB |
| Universal donor | blood type O |
| How does Rh antigens of a first fetus and the mothers immune respond to it? | Rh postive and Rh negative babys blood mix and mother creates Rh antibodies unless she receives RhoGam shot |
Created by:
BrookeMcCullen