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Exam 1 anatomy 202
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages for RBC development? | hemocytoblast...myeloid stem cell...colony forming unit- erythrocyte (CFU-E)...proerythroblast...reticulocyte....Erythroctye |
| what event does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? | ventricles are in diastole |
| Where do hemocytoblasts originate from? | myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells |
| the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to | pump blood with greater pressure |
| What are blood cells formed from? | pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells- hemocytoblasts |
| What are the components of hemoglobin | globin-two alpha and beta chains Heme- irion containing, ringlike nonprotein pigment |
| blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the | left atrium |
| small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the | papillary muscles |
| How much hemoglobin usually makes up the RBC | about 1/3 of cells weight |
| Red blood cell (erythrocyte) | contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin males- 5.4 million/uL females- 4.8 million/uL |
| the source of blood carried to the capillaries in the myocardium would be the | coronary arteries |
| the fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it | pumps blood against a greater resistance |
| Platelets | special cell fragments, thrombocytes that help stop blood loss from damaged vessels |
| What is the most common WBC | Neutrophils |
| If cardiac muscle is deprived if its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from | decreased delivery of oxygen |
| if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells | tetanic contractions might occur might occur, which would stop the hearts pumping action |
| norepinephrine acts on the heart by | causing the threshold to be reached more quickly |
| if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that | the heart would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
| What are the two types of agranular leukocytes | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole | pulmonary trunk |
| which vessel receives blood during ventricular systole | both the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| which in not apart of the conduction system of the heart? | AV valve |
| the tricuspid valve is closed | when the ventricle is in systole |
| when viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by | noticing the thickness of ventricular walls |
| what are the AV valves supported by? | the chordae tendineae so that the regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur |
| What is true about myocardial cells? | the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all |
| what is the myocardium? | a layer of the heart that actually contracts |
| What are the three types of granular leukocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| during the period of ventricular filling | blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
| the second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle | isovolumetric relaxation |
| What is a statement about cardiac output | a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction |
| during contraction of the heart muscle cells | some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores |
| isovolumetric contraction | refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
| Where is the heart located? | between the lungs in the mediastinum with about two-thirds of its mass to the left of the midline |
| What are the layers of the pericardium? | outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium (epicardium) |
| What is the function of fibrous pericardium? | protects and anchors the heart, prevents over stretching |
| What does the serous pericardium have? | a parietal and visceral layers |
| Both the parietal and visceral layers makes what? | pericardial cavity and reduces the friction between two membranes |
| peridarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| bleeding into the pericardial cavity which compresses the heart and is potentially lethal | cardiac tamponade |
| What are the three layers of the heart? | epicardium myocardium endocardium |
| What kind of tissue is found in the epicardium and endocardium? | simple squamous ep, and connective tissue |
| What kind of tissue makes up the myocardium? | cardiac muscle tissue |
| What are the two types of valves? | AV and semilunar valves |
| Where is the tricuspid and bicuspid valve found? | in the AV valve |
| Where is the heart is the tricuspid valve found | between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| Where in the heart is the bicuspid valve found? | between left atrium and left ventricle |
| What two valves make up the semilunar valves? | pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valvve |
| Where does blood flow in the pulmonary semilunar valve? | from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk |
| Where does blood flow in the aortic semilunar valve? | from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta |
| What is the function of AV valves? | allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure |
| What is the function of semilunar valves? | allow blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta prevents blood from returning to ventricles |
| How do AV valves work? | ventricles, chordae tendineae papillary muscles relax AV valves close ventricles contract increase blood pressure in ventricles push valve cusps closed, papillary muscles contract pull cords and cusps don't evert |
| How do semilunar valves work? | open w/ ventricular contraction, allowing blood into pulmonary trunk and aorta Close w/ ventricular relaxation, blood fills valve cusps and tightly closes |
| What does the SA node do? | generates an action potential spontaneously 90-100 times per minute, begins heart activity that spreads through intercalated discs to all cardiac muscle cells in both atria |
| What does the AV node? | in atrial septum, fires at 40-50 times per minute, transmits bundle of His |
| What does AV bundle do? (bundle of His) | connection between atria and ventricles, divides into bundle branches |
| What do the right and left bundle branches do? | conduct signals quickly int the interventricular septum |
| What does the SA node do? | sets pace the fastest, in 50msec excitation spreads through both atria and down to AV node in 50 msec excitation spreads through both ventricles simultaneously |
| What is the sequence of in which the cardiac action potential spreads through the conduction system? | Excitation spreads from SA node to AV node which transmits signal to AV bundle, through the purkinje fibers and then to the SA node |
| Define the action potential of contractile fibers | resting membrane potential is -90mv, Na+ going into cell, slowly Ca+2 enters from outside the cell and K+ remain closed, Ca+2 binds to troponin in tension development, Ca+2 closes, K+ opens, -90mv is restored |
| systole | contraction |
| diastole | relaxation |
| P wave | .atrial depolarization |
| P to Q interval | conduction from atrial to ventricular excitation |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| What is the first sound on the ECG? | closingn of AV valves |
| What is the second sound on the ECG? | closing of SL valves |
| What is the end diastolic volume? | volume in ventricle at end of diastole, about 130 mL |
| What is end systolic volume? | volume in ventricle at end of systole. about 60 mL |
| what is stroke volume? | the volume ejected per beat from each ventricle, about 70 mL |
| What is cardiac output? | the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta |
| What is cardiac reserve? | the max cardiac output a person can achieve/ cardiac output at rest |
| What is preload? | affect of stretching greater the preload, greater the stroke volume |
| What is contractility? | strength of contraction at any given time positive-more forceful negative-less forceful |
| What is afterload? | backwards pressure the greater the pressure, stroke volume decreases |
| What are the structural and functional characteristics of the autonomic nervous system? | CNS-brain and spinal cord PNS- |
| Where are postganglionic located? | parasympathetic, sympathetic sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle and arrector pili muscle |
| What are preganglionic? | acetycholine |
| Sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic nervous system | rest and digest response |
| where is the ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system located? | close to visceral organ |
| where is the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system located? | alongside vertebral column and anterior to vertebral column |
| cholinergic neurons | release acetycholine |
| cholinergic receptors | receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that bind acetylcholine |
| Adrenergic neuron | release norepinephrine |
| Adrenergic receptors | bind norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| Transportation | O2 CO2 metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones |
| regulation | pH through buffers, body temp, water content of cells by interaction with dissolved ions and proteins |
| What is the average blood volume for males | 5-6 Liters |
| What is the average blood volume for females | 4-5 liters |
| how much saline is in the blood? | .85-.9% of total body weight |
| How is blood different from water | it is thicker and flows more slowly |
| Plasma | straw colored liquid that contains dissolved substances including clotting factors |
| serum | plasma minus the clotting factors |
| How much plasma and formed elements are formed in blood | 55% plasma and 45% formed elements |
| What are the percentages of the components in blood? | 91.5% water and 8.5% other solutes |
| What are the plasma proteins? | fibrinogen, globulins, and lipoproteins |
| What do fibrinogens do? | clotting factors |
| what do globulins do? | provide antibodies |
| What do lipoproteins provide? | albumins and specialized carrier proteins |
| what is vascular spasm | damage to blood vessel stimulates pain receptors |
| Platelet plug formation | platelets stick to exposed collagen in connective tissue underlying damaged epithelial cells in vessel wall |
| How does platelet plug formation work? | activation leads to activation of other platelets and release vasoconstrictors decreasing blood flow |
| what are the stages involved in blood clotting | formation of prothrombinase- intrinsic or extrinsic pathways conversion of prothrombin into thrombin- final common pathway conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
| Extrinsic pathway | leak tissue factor into bloodstream presence of Ca+2, clotting factors X combine with V form prothrombinase Faster pathway |
| Intrinsic pathway | slower pathway endothelium damaged and platelets come in contact with collagen of blood vessel wall |
| Final common pathway | catalyze the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
| How does fibrinolysis work? | it clots at a site of a completed repair, break down fibrin protein |
| What antigen and antibodies does blood type A have | antigen A and antibody B |
| What antigen and antibody does blood type B have | antigen B antibody A |
| what antigen and antibody does blood type AB have | both antigen A and B, no antibody |
| What antigen and antibody does blood type O have | no antigen, and antibody A and B |
| Universal recipients | blood type AB |
| Universal donor | blood type O |
| How does Rh antigens of a first fetus and the mothers immune respond to it? | Rh postive and Rh negative babys blood mix and mother creates Rh antibodies unless she receives RhoGam shot |
Created by:
BrookeMcCullen