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Biochem
Chapter 2 & 3 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | is anything that occupies space and mass |
| mass | is the quantity of matter an object has |
| atom | the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of an element |
| nucleus | the central region that makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consist of two kinds of subatomic particles |
| proton | a positively charged and the neutron has no charge |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom |
| mass number | of an atom is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| electrons | in an atom, the number of positively charged protons is balanced by an equal number of small, negatively charged particles called |
| orbital | a three dimensional region around around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have a different number of electrons |
| compounds | are made up of atoms of two or more atoms or two or more elements in fixed preparations |
| chemical bonds | are the attractive forces that hold atoms together |
| covalent bond | forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and can exist in a free state |
| ion | an atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| ionic bond | positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, the sodium ion and chloride ion attract each other |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| chemical reaction | one or more substances to produce one or more substances |
| reactants | shown down the left side of the equation |
| products | of the reactions are shown on the right side |
| metabolism | to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| catalyst | substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed to start the reaction |
| enzyme | a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up a metabolic reactions without being promptly changed or destroyed |
| redox reactions | reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms are know as oxidation-reduction reactions or______________ |
| oxidation reactions | a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons in such that the reactant become positive and charged |
| reduction reaction | a reactant that gains one or more electrons, thus becoming negative in charge |
| polar | uneven distribution of charge, water is called _________ compound |
| hydrogen bond | the force of attraction between a hydrogen molceule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge. |
| cohesion | an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| adhesion | the attractive force between two particles of different substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules |
| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid |
| solution | a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| solute | a substance dissolved in the solvent |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute is dissolved |
| concentration | a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution |
| saturated solution | one in which no more solute can dissolve |
| aqueous solutions | solutions in which water is the solvent -- are universally important to living things |
| hydrogen ion | the OH- ion |
| hydronium ion | the H3O+ ion |
| acid | the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions |
| base | the solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions and is therefore known as the ________ |
| pH scale | a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution |
| buffers | are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either acid or a base added solution |
| organic compounds | made primarily of carbon atoms |
| functional groups | clusters of atoms in organic compounds that influence the characteristics of molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo |
| monomers | what many carbon compounds are built up by smaller, simpler molecules |
| polymer | a molecule that consist of repeated, linked units |
| macromolecules | large polymers |
| condensation reaction | monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction |
| hydrolysis | the break down of some complex molecules |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a compound that is available to cells and they store a lot of energy in their overall structure |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds composed of compounds composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atom |
| monosaccharide | a monomer of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | when two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar |
| polysaccharide | a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| proteins | organic compounds composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
| amino acids | proteins are formed from this linkage of monomers |
| peptide bond | a reaction that releases a water molecule |
| polypeptides | amino acids often form these very long chains |
| substrate | the reaction being catalyzed |
| active site | folds within an enzyme |
| lipids | large, non polar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water |
| triglycerides | lipids include these |
| phospholipids | fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | molecules that are composed of four fused carbon rings with carious functional groups attached to them |
| nucleic acids | very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| nucleotide | this is made of 3 main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
Created by:
kristinabernathy
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