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Physical Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anything that has mass and takes up space | matter |
| the amount of matter in an object | mass |
| the amount of space an object occupies. cubic centimeters or cubic meters, which we write as cm3 or m3. The formula to calculate it is: Length x Width x Height | volume |
| the basic building blocks of matter | atoms |
| Atoms are also called _____________________________ | particles |
| a force caused by gravity pulling on atoms [measured in units of Newtons (N) or pounds (lbs)] | weight |
| We measure mass in units of | grams or kilograms |
| Matter has two characteristics: ? | it has mass and takes up space. |
| is the act of pushing a fluid aside to make room for matter | displacement |
| Light and heat are forms of _____________, not states of matter | energy |
| Almost everything in the universe is _____________, but this state does not exist very much on Earth. Lightning strikes, as well as certain lightbulbs, do contain some | plasma |
| tiny pieces of matter that make up an object | particles |
| The particles are tightly packed, lined up in rows, and vibrate in place. These particles have very little energy. Have a definite size and a definite shape | Solid |
| These particles are spread apart, are randomly spaced, flow past one another, have more energy than solids but less energy than gases. | liquids |
| They take the shape of their container and have a definite size and volume. They do not compress and expand (except in cases of extreme temperature change) | liquids |
| the most unorganized of the three main states of matter | gas |
| spaced very far apart, move randomly, freely, and very fast, have the highest energy level, do not have a definite shape: this makes them different from solids, do not have a definite size: this makes them different from liquids | gas |
| 4th state of matter | plasma |
| Their particles are very far apart, freely and rapidly, enormously high energy levels, electrically charged (this separates them from all other states of matter) | plasma |
| 99% of the entire universe is made up of it. The northern lights and lightning are two examples of it | plasma |
| when solid particles gain enough energy to slide past each other and become liquid particles. A phase change, caused by heat, from solid to liquid | melting |
| the process of changing from one state of matter to another | phase change |
| form of energy that refers to particle motion | heat |
| a phase change from liquid to gas. | vaporization |
| Occurs when the liquid particles gain so much energy that they fly off the surface of the liquid and become gaseous, takes place when rain puddles “disappear” on a sunny day and when wet clothes dry on a clothesline | vaporization |
| ___________________ and vaporization are the same process. Another way to cause vaporization is by heating a liquid, like when water boils on a stove top | Evaporation |
| when heat is taken away from an object, and the particles slow down and get locked in place. The process of a liquid losing energy and becoming a solid | freezing |
| a phase change from a gas to a liquid. takes place when the particles of a gas lose energy, stop flying around, and begin to simply flow around each other | condensation |
| phase change directly from solid to gas. A solid gain enough energy to directly become a gas (it skips the liquid phase). Common examples: include dry ice, ice cubes in a freezer that disappear, and shrinking glaciers | sublimation |
| A theory that states that particles of matter are always in motion, and that the amount of motion depends on the amount of energy in the particles | Kinetic Theory Model |
| A characteristic that can be observed without changing the substance. Ex: color, shape, size, texture, state of matter, mass, weight, viscosity | physical property |
| a measurement of how tightly packed particles in a substance are. The amount of matter in a given volume. Mass/volume. | Density D=M/V |
| liquid’s tendency to resist flowing. increases as heat decreases | viscosity |
| Thick, sticky liquids that flow slowly have _________ ____________, like peanut butter, honey and molasses | high viscosity |
| Thin, runny liquids that flow quickly are ________ ____________, like water | low viscosity |
| All _________ have various levels of luster, ductility, malleability, and conductivity. | metals |
| How shiny or dull a metal is | luster |
| How easy or hard it is to pull a metal into a wire | ductility |
| How easy or hard it is to press a metal into a sheet | malleability |
| How a metal allows energy to flow through it | conductivity |
| _______________ release H+ in water, taste sour, are corrosive, and conduct electricity. | Acids Examples include sulfuric acid, vinegar, apples, tomatoes, and battery acid. |
| H+ | A hydrogen ion |
| OH- | A hydroxide ion |
| An atom that is charged | ion |
| ___________ release OH- in water, taste bitter, feel slippery, are corrosive, and conduct electricity. Examples include soap, baking soda, ammonia, bleach, and antacids. | Bases |
| Scientists use the __ __________ to measure the acidity of a substance | pH scale |
| pH levels less than 7 are ___________ | acidic |
| pure water has a pH level near __ | 7 |
| Scientists test the acidity of water using _____________ ___________, which changes color based on the acidity of the substance | litmus paper |
| pH levels greater than 7 are ___________ | basic |
| a chart that organizes all the known elements | Periodic Table |
| Simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down. Can be bonded together to make other substances. Make up everything in the entire universe. Different objects are made up of different combinations of these elements | Element |
| the smallest particle of an element | atom |
| comes from a Greek word meaning ‘uncuttable’ | atom |
| The center of an atom is a _____________, which contains protons and neutrons. | nucleus |
| We find these inside the nucleus | neutrons and protons |
| Protons have a _____________ charge | positive |
| Neutron have ________charge | no |
| Pieces of matter that revolve around an atom’s nucleus | electrons |
| Electrons have a ____________ charge | negative |
| Electrons move along paths called | energy levels or energy shells |
| Electrons move along paths called energy levels or energy shells | electron clouds |
| Electrons are relatively far away from the nucleus; most of an atom is | empty space |
| the number of protons in each atom. | atomic number |
| The Periodic Table is organized in order of increasing | atomic number |
| the number of neutrons and protons in an atom. | atomic mass |
| Scientists measure atomic mass in | Atomic Mass Units (amu) |
| the smallest part of a substance that is still that substance. Combinations of different atoms result in _________ | molecules |
| When atoms bond to become ____________, the atoms lose their old properties but gain new properties | molecules |
| elements that have been bonded together. made of molecules | compounds Ex: sugar, table salt, and baking powder |
| When elements bond to make ___________________, they give up their old properties in exchange for new properties | compounds |
| A change that does not alter the molecules of a substance. Does not change the composition of the substance. No new substance is made | physical change EX: cutting, tearing, folding, painting, melting, freezing, mixing, and evaporating |
| when two or more substances combine without making a new substance | mixture |
| ______________________ mixtures have easily recognizable parts, are not evenly mixed, and are easy to separate (such as a bag of candies) | Heterogeneous |
| ______________________ mixtures don’t have recognizable parts, are evenly mixed, and hard to separate (such as milk) | Homogeneous |
| mixture where one substance dissolves evenly into another | solution Examples include sugar or salt in water, coffee, and air. |
| the substance that dissolves | solute |
| the substance in which the solute dissolves | solvent |
| matter that does not dissolve in a solvent | insoluble |
| ___________ is called the ‘universal solvent’ because most items that dissolve will dissolve in it | Water |
| impact the chemical composition of a substance. change that changes the composition of a substance. a new substance has been made | Chemical changes EX: rusting, cooking, baking, rotting, digestion, and burning |
| Color, odor, bubbles, and heat are all indicators that a ___________ _____________ has taken place. | chemical change |
| Cannot be created or destroyed. It only changes forms. | Law of Conservation of Mass |
| cannot be created or destroyed. It only changes forms. | Pure substance Ex: Gold, Hydrogen, pure water molecules |
| substance that is made of more than one component | Non-pure substance Ex: All mixtures & All solutions |
| Everything that we know exists is either matter or _____________. It is the ability to cause change | energy |
| Stored energy. Increasing the pull of gravity will increase this. | Potential Energy Ex: A bow and arrow, An uneaten apple, The top of a roller coaster, A ball sitting at the top of a hill |
| energy due to motion. The faster an object moves, the more ___________ ____________ it has | Kinetic Energy (A slow-moving or fast-moving vehicle. A ball rolling down a hill) |
| the energy of motion, such as a moving vehicle | mechanical energy |
| energy vibrations that travel in waves | sound energy |
| waves with electric and magnetic properties, such as light | electromagnetic energy |
| total kinetic energy in moving particles, like in boiling water | thermal energy |
| energy stored in chemical bonds, like in plants | chemical energy |
| energy stored in the nuclei of atoms | nuclear energy |
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It only changes forms. | Law of Conservation of Energy |
| During energy transformations, there is always energy lost, often in the form of ___________ | heat |
| measures the movement of particles in an object. flow of energy caused by temperature differences | heat |
| Heat flows from ___________ to __________ until equilibrium (equal temperature) is reached | warm; cool |
| the lowest possible temperature, where particles stop vibrating completely | absolute zero |
| heat transfer by contact. Heat transfer by direct physical contact. When you pick up a snowball, heat from your hands melts the snow | conduction Ex: Hot coffee warms the coffee cup, which warms your hands. A hot stove burner warms a pan, which cooks the food inside. |
| Heat transfer in fluids (gasses or liquids) due to warmer fluids rising and cooler fluids sinking. Ex: When water currents heat, rise, cool, and sink. A similar phenomenon takes place inside the earth, stars, and lava lamps | convection |
| heat transfer that travels through space. It is the third type of heat transfer. takes place in outer space or in vacuums (where there are no particles) | radiation |
| Heat felt while sitting beside a campfire is ____________ heat. The Sun is also a source of this type of heat. | radiant |
| a substance that allows energy to flow through easily | conductors Ex: brass, gold, and other metals |
| a substance that does not allow energy to flow through easily | insulators Ex: feathers, housing insulation, wood, cloth, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, and air |
| If you increase heat, particles move faster and farther apart, which causes an object to ___________ | expand |
| An object’s volume increases as heat increases. | thermal expansion |
| An object’s volume decreases as heat decreases | thermal contraction |
| a force of attraction or repulsion. Opposite charges attract; like charges repel. (North-South poles attract; north-north repel) | magnetism |
| Anything affected by _________ is magnetic: iron, cobalt, and nickel | iron |
| Opposite charges attract; like charges repel. | Law of Attraction |
| groups of atoms whose magnetic poles are aligned | domain |
| invisible area around a magnet where the magnetic force acts | field |
| The _________________________________acts as a shield around the earth from dangerous radiation from the sun | magnetosphere |
| Magnetic materials have magnetically-aligned ____________. In magnetic materials, the ________ have north and south poles lined up | domains |
| the build-up or flow of electrons. | electricity |
| the build-up of electrons | static electricity Ex: Lightning |
| the flow of electrons. usually flows through a metal wire | current electricity |
| In electricity, opposite charges attract; like charges repel. | Law of Electric Charges |
| a closed loop of wire that electric current runs through | circuit |
| In a(n) ______________ circuit, electrons do not flow, the switch is off, and the circuit has an opening | open |
| In a _________________ circuit, electrons are able to flow, the switch is on, and the circuit is complete | closed |
| a device that safely opens and closes the circuit | switch |
| the object that provides the flowing electrons | source |
| the object that receives the energy | load |
| a circuit that has one path for electrons to flow. A circuit that has exactly one path for electrons to flow through. Ex: string of Christmas lights | series circuit |
| a circuit that has more than one path for electrons to flow. there is more than one path for the electrons to flow. | parallel circuit |
| The tendency of material to oppose the flow of electrons. affected by length, diameter, material, and temperature | resistance |
| resistance materials are long, insulators, hot, and have very thin diameters. Results in light, such as in light bulbs | High |
| resistance occurs when electrons do not flow very well. | High Resistance |
| occurs in materials that allow electrons to flow very easily. affected by 4 factors: length, diameter, material, and temperature. materials are short, conductors such as copper or gold, cool, and have large diameters | Low Resistance |
| a disturbance that transfers energy | wave |
| There are two types of waves: | mechanical and electromagnetic |
| material through which energy can travel | medium |
| These waves require a medium because they need particles in order to transfer energy | mechanical waves Ex: earthquakes, ocean waves, and sound |
| Waves that do not require a medium. travel fastest in vacuums | electromagnetic waves Ex: light, radio waves, and gamma rays |
| the distance between two neighboring waves | wavelength |
| the distance from the top of the wave to the resting position | amplitude |
| the number of complete waves passing a specific point in a given time | frequency |
| the distance a wave travels in one unit of time | speed |
| Waves can be categorized as either | transverse or longitudinal |
| move perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction of the wave | transverse wave (ex: light) |
| the top of a transverse wave | crest |
| the bottom of a transverse wave | trough |
| Waves that move particles in the same direction as the wave is travelling | longitudinal wave (ex: sound) |
| an area of a longitudinal wave where particles are squeezed together | compression |
| an area of a longitudinal wave where particles are pulled apart | rarefaction |
| ___________________ waves are similar to stretched springs | Longitudinal |
| Tighter compressions and larger rarefactions mean greater __________________ in longitudinal waves | amplitudes |
| Sound waves are _________________________ waves, so they need a medium to travel through | mechanical |
| Sound waves are ___________________________ waves, so they consist of rarefactions and compressions | longitudinal |
| Sound waves travel fastest through _____________ and slowest through ________________ | solids; gases |
| can be absorbed by insulators or reflected | Sound Waves |
| how high or low a sound is. The higher the frequency, the higher the __________. | pitch |
| ________________________ increases as speed increases | Frequency |
| the intensity of a sound wave. dependent in the amplitude of the sound wave | loudness (higher amplitude = louder. low amplitude = quiet) |
| a transverse wave with electric and magnetic properties. | electromagnetic energy |
| a chart showing the entire range of electromagnetic frequencies | electromagnetic spectrum |
| These EM waves travel slowly and have low frequencies. Include radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Long-term exposure to any of these waves can lead to cancer | Low electromagnetic energy |
| includes X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays. These waves move fast, have high frequencies, and short wavelengths | High electromagnetic energy (High EMFs) |
| uses include tanning, sterilization, and vitamin D | ultraviolet |
| uses include airport security and medical imaging | x-rays |
| uses include cancer and tumor treatment | gamma rays |
| used for communications | radio waves |
| used for cell phones, radar, and cooking | microwaves |
| used for remote controls and thermal imaging cameras | infrared |
| Everything we see is light _________________ off of objects | reflected |
| the only part of the EM spectrum that humans can see | visible light |
| ___________surfaces reflect no light, while _____________ surfaces reflect all light | Black; white |
| In order of decreasing wavelengths, the order of colors is | Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (Acronym: ROY G. BIV. The colors of a rainbow) |
| objects that produce their own light. include the sun, a campfire, and certain animals | luminous objects |
| objects that reflect or absorb light. include planets, the moon, and most matter on earth | illuminated objects |
| the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection | Law of Reflection |
| light that bounces off a surface and back to the eye | reflection |
| light bounces off a smooth surface, forms a clear image, and the light rays are reflected at the same angle that they were received | regular reflection |
| light bounces off a rough surface, forms a distorted image, and the light is scattered | diffused reflection |
| materials that block all light and cast a shadow. Ex: wood, plastic or metal | opaque |
| materials that allow some light to pass through Ex: colored or milky liquid | translucent |
| materials that allow all light to pass through Ex: clean glass or air | transparent |
| describes how light acts when it moves from one material to another. light slowing down when it travels through different mediums, causing an object to appear distorted | refraction Ex: pencil sitting in a glass of water |
| a number that describes how much light speeds up or slows down while traveling in different materials | index of refraction |
| Visible light travels in a _____________ line | straight |
| When light intersects with an object, the light either _____________ or _______________ | reflects; refracts |
| curved, transparent materials that refract light | lenses |
| a lens that diverges (spreads apart) light. Used in telescopes, cameras, and eyeglasses | concave lenses |
| a lens that curves outward at the center. They are the shape of your eyeballs. | convex lenses |
| When light enters a convex lens, it converges at a ___________ __________ on the other side | focal point |
| the point where light converges on the far side of a convex lens | focal point |
| push or a pull on an object. Measured in Newtons. always act in pairs: there is an action and a reaction. Can change the motion and shape of objects. Cannot be seen/touched. They are not matter. | Force Force = Mass X Acceleration |
| Examples of ___________ include magnetism, gravity, and friction | forces |
| He explained what forces are around 350 years ago | Sir Isaac Newton |
| the forces are equal on an object and the motion of the object does not change | balanced forces |
| forces are not equal and the net force is not equal to zero. They are forces that cause a change in motion or shape of an object. | unbalanced forces. |
| a force that opposes the motion of an object. 4 types: static, fluid, rolling, and sliding. It produces heat. It can slow motion and wear objects down. | friction |
| friction that acts on objects not in motion | static friction |
| friction that acts on objects immersed in a fluid | fluid friction |
| when an object rolls across a surface on rollers, wheels, or ball bearings | rolling friction |
| when an object slides across a smooth or slick surface | sliding friction |
| the force that pulls all objects towards each other. a force that pulls all objects in the universe together | gravity |
| tends to pull all objects towards the center of all the mass. makes objects feel heavy or light | gravity |
| The gravity between two objects depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them | Law of Universal Gravitation |
| Higher masses have higher __________________ and lower masses have lower _________________ | gravities |
| Larger distances have lower________________, and shorter distances have higher _________________ | gravities |
| upward force acting on an object in a fluid that is more dense. a force exerted on floating objects. | buoyancy Ex: hot-air balloons, icebergs, hippopotamuses, and people swimming |
| A force that causes an object to move in a circle. impacts things that rotate or spin. always pulls an object towards the center | centripetal force |
| The farther from the center, the stronger the force. Examples include spinning dancers and merry-go-rounds | centripetal force |
| Tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. An object in motion will stay in motion/ An object at rest will stay at rest ____________ depends on mass | inertia |
| Objects with more mass have more ____________, and objects with less mass have less_____________. An object only gains or loses motion when it interacts with a force from something else | inertia |
| the perfect balance of inertia (forward motion) and gravity (downward motion). | orbit |
| Forward motion and downward gravity balance out, causing the objects to ___________ around the planet. This is how satellites ________ earth | orbit |
| Objects speed by a planet with a lot of | momentum |
| _______________ attracts the objects to the planet and the planet to the objects | Gravity |
| If there is too much _____________, the object will fall towards the center | gravity |
| If there is too much ________________, the object will fly off into space | inertia |
| a fixed place used to determine a change in motion | reference point |
| a change in position over time | motion |
| a repetitive back and forth motion | vibrational motion |
| motion in a straight line (this is hard to see on earth due to gravity and friction) | straight line motion |
| motion in a circular path | rotary motion |
| motion that travels horizontally and vertically | projecticle motion |
| distance over time | speed Speed = distance / time (units: mph, km/hr, m/s) |
| speed in a given direction | velocity |
| speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction | acceleration |
| an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion until acted upon by an unbalanced force | Newton's 1st Law of Motion |
| Force = Mass x Acceleration. describes how force and acceleration relate to one another. If you increase mass, you must increase force to have the same resulting acceleration | Newton's 2nd Law of Motion |
| a force acting in a specific direction | action |
| for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. forces always come in pairs. Ex: A space shuttle pushes against the burning fuel, and the burning fuel pushes back against the shuttle | Newton's 3rd Law of Motion |
| a force acting in the opposite direction | reaction |
| area over which a force is exerted | distance |
| when an object moves a distance due to a specific force (measured in units of newton-meters) Force x Distance. Force and distance must be in the same direction. | Work Work = Force X Distance |
| ___________ is always done on an object | Work |
| a device that can make work easier | machine |
| a device made of two or more simple machines | compound machine |
| six simple machines are ? | lever, inclined plane, wedge, wheel and axle, screw, and pulley |
| a bar that pivots around a central point (fulcrum), such as a stapler or pair of plyers | lever |
| a flat surface that slopes, such as blades of a fan or the surface of a bathtub | inclined plane |
| Two inclined planes put back to back, the bottom of a nail | wedge |
| inclined plane wrapped around a post, such as a spiral staircase | screw |
| Two circles that orbit about an axis, such as a steering wheel | wheel and axle |
| a grooved wheel with a cable wrapped around it | pulley |
| Measures how much help a machine provides. number of times a machine multiplies the effort force. Machines make work easier by changing the force, distance, or direction BUT they do not change the total amount of work done | mechanical advantage |
| also called effort force, the force put into a machine | input force |
| the force the machine exerts on an object | output force |
| the force that opposes effort | resistance force |
| ______________ make work easier by changing the force, distance, or direction BUT do not change the amount of work being done | Machines |
| measures how productive a machine is. the ratio of work input and work output. higher the percent, the higher this is | efficiency (expressed as a percent) |
| amount of work done by a machine | work output |
| amount of work put into a machine | work input |
| Things from the world that we use | resources |
| resources from the environment and used by humans | natural resource |
| sources we will eventually use up, such as oil and gas | non-renewable resources |
| sources that replenish themselves, such as water and sunshine | renewable resources |
| energy from ancient plants and animals such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Disadvantages include pollution, non-renewable resources, and environmental damage | fossil fuel energy |
| must be burned to release potential chemical energy Burning coal causes water to evaporate, and the rising steam turns a turbine that turns a generator that creates electrical energy | fossil fuel energy |
| transforms energy from the sun into electrical energy. transforms energy from the sun into electrical energy. free, renewable energy, no pollution | solar energy |
| energy harnesses the energy of moving water. | hydro energy |
| When hydro dams are made, the lake above the dam holds _____________________ energy | potential |
| When the sluice gates are open, the water rushes underneath the dam and turns turbines, which runs a generator, which generates ____________________________ | electricity |
| converting energy from wind directly into electricity by rotating a turbine. This energy harnesses kinetic energy from moving air. | Wind Energy |
| involves harnessing energy from animal and plant byproducts. | Biomass Ex: fuel from wood, organic trash, alcohol fuels, fermentation, crops, and landfill gas such as methane |
| energy harnesses heat escaping from the earth. | geothermal energy |
| a fluid is run through underground pipes, and the temperature difference is used to generate __________________ ________________ | geothermal energy |
| harnesses energy from hydrogen atoms. | hydrogen energy we combine hydrogen with oxygen to form water, and the energy that is released is transformed into energy • Water is a byproduct of hydrogen energy |
Created by:
Mr_Morman
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