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YGK Particles
YGK Classes of Particles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1 of the classes of "fundamental particles" (meaning that they cannot be broken down into smaller particles) They have 6 flavors: the electron, the muon, the tauon, the neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tauon neutrino | Leptons |
| another class of fundamental particle. They also come in six flavors: up, down, charm, strange, top (sometimes, "truth"), and bottom (sometimes, "beauty") | Quarks |
| composite (i.e., non-fundamental) particles made from three quarks. The most common examples are the proton and neutron | Baryons |
| Composite particles generally made from a quark & an anti-quark The quark and anti-quark must have the same color (such as red and anti-red) so that the resulting meson is colorless (or "white") | Mesons |
| Particles with half-integral spin. Spin is a form of "intrinsic angular momentum" which is possessed by particles as if they were spinning around their axis (but, in fact, they aren't) | Fermions |
| Particles with integral spin. The spin of a composite particle is determined by the total spin (i.e., the component of its intrinsic angular momentum along one axis) of its particles. | Bosons |
| Any particles made out of quarks (alternatively, any particle affected by the strong nuclear force). Generally, this means the baryons and the mesons. | Hadrons |
| The fundamental bosons that carry the forces of nature. That is, forces result from particles emitting and absorbing gauge bosons | Gauge Bosons |
| The gauge bosons that carry the strong nuclear force and bind hadrons together. | Gluons |
| an older name that was used for the "internal parts" of hadrons before the discovery and widespread acceptance of the quark model | Partons |
| The three neutrinos are neutral (and were once thought to be massless), while the other three have a charge of -1. | Leptons |
| All neutrinos are fermions and the total number of leptons is conserved (counting regular leptons as +1 particle and anti-leptons as -1 particle). | Leptons |
| This word comes from the Greek for "light" (as in "not heavy"), even though the muon and tauon are fairly massive. | Leptons |
| The up, charm, and top quarks have a charge of +2/3, while the down, strange, and bottom have a charge of -1/3. All quarks are fermions and they combine in pairs to form mesons and in triples to form baryons. | Quarks |
| The enormous mass of the top quark (178 GeV) made it difficult to create in particle accelerators, but its discovery in 1995 confirmed an essential element of the "Standard Model" of particle physics. | Quarks |
| The name "quark" comes from the line "Three quarks for Muster Mark" in Finnegans Wake that appealed to Murray Gell-Mann. The study of quarks (and the strong nuclear force) is quantum chromodynamics. | Quarks |
| The study of quarks (and the strong nuclear force) | Quantum Chromodynamics |
| The most common examples are the proton (two up quarks and one down quark) and the neutron (two down quarks and one up). | Baryons |
| All baryons are fermions. Quarks possess a characteristic called "color" (which has nothing to do with visual color) which can be either red, green, or blue (which are arbitrary names). | Baryons |
| A baryon must have one quark of each color so that the "total color" (analogous to mixing red, green, and blue light) is colorless (i.e., "white"). | Baryons |
| The word "baryon" comes from the Greek for "heavy." The total number of baryons is conserved (again, counting anti-baryons as -1). | Baryons |
| There are dozens of examples including the pion, kaon, J/Psi, Rho, and D | Mesons |
| All mesons are | baryons |
| It is also possible to make mesons out of two (or more) quarks and the same number of anti-quarks, but this kind of particle (a "tetraquark") is rare, both in nature and in quiz bowl. | Mesons |
| The values cited for spin are not (usually) the real magnitude of that angular momentum, but the component of the angular momentum along one axis. | Fermions |
| Quantum mechanics restricts that component to being n/2 times Planck's constant divided by 2 pi for some integer n. If n is even, this results in "integral" spin, if it is odd, it results in "half-integral" spin. | Fermions |
| Note that the exact value of the spin itself is a real number; it's the multiplier of h/2pi that determines whether it is "integral" or not. | Fermions |
| The name for this particle comes from that of the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi. | Fermions |
| The most significant thing about these particles is that they are subject to the Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two fermions can have the same quantum numbers (i.e., same state). | Fermions |
| All particles are either | bosons or fermions |
| The name for this particle comes from that of the Indian-American physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. | boson |
| All of these particles are colorless (in the sense of the combined color of their constituent quarks). The name of this particle comes from the Greek for "thick." | Hadron |
| These particles are sometimes called "vector bosons" | Gauge Bosons |
| The name comes from the role of "gauge theories" in describing the forces | Gauge Bosons |
| strong nuclear force is carried by | Gluons |
| the weak nuclear force is carried by the | W, Z-, and Z+ particles |
| the electromagnetic force is carried by the | photon |
| gravity is carried by the (as yet unobserved) | graviton |
| have no charge and no mass, but do have color (in the sense of quarks). This color cannot be observed directly because the gluons are part of the larger hadron | gluons |
| The name comes from their role in "gluing" quarks together. | gluons |
| Models based on partons are still used but, for the most part, it was determined that partons were quarks and the term is rarely used at the high school level except in historical contexts. | Partons |
Created by:
Mr_Morman
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