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Stack #2091777
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The basic descriptors for vowels | HAR – Height – Advancement – Rounding Plus one more |
| the description of which sounds can occur together in a real word or syllable of a language | Phonotactics |
| Most lax vowels appear in | closed syllable – ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ʌ , æ, – bit, bet, put, but, bat, sit, set, sat, soot |
| Tense vowels can appear in | open syllable e.g., see, so, sue, saw |
| Tense vowels can appear in closed syllable too | seat, boot |
| produced with greater muscle contrac/on than lax vowels | Tense vowels |
| Acoustic result of the tense vs. lax dimension is | duration |
| The vowels with more extreme tongue position and greater duration | tense vowels |
| The vowels with less extreme tongue position and shorter duration | lax vowels |
| a tense vowel is longer than a lax vowel of a similar height | /i/ longer than /I/ /u/ longer than /ʊ/ /ej/ longer than /ɛ/ |
| An exception to the ‘lax vowels shorter than tense’ is | /æ/ |
| Most vowels can be identified by answering four questions: | 1. Is the vowel front or back? 2. Is the vowel high or low? 3. Is the vowel tense or lax? 4. Is the vowel a monophthong (“pure vowel”) or diphthong? |
| Classifying Vowels | • Tongue height: - High, Mid, Low • Frontness - Front, Central, Back • Lip rounding - Rounded, Unrounded |
| Classifying Consonants | • Manner: - Stop, Frica/ve, Affricate, Nasal, Glide & Liquid • Place: - Labial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, GloQal • Voicing - Voiced, Voiceless |
| Sonorants | Nasals, Liquids, Glides Similar to vowels Characterized mainly by formant frequencies – Have a periodic laryngeal source (all voiced) |
| Obstruents | Blocked or restricted airflow May be voiced or voiceless |
| Consonant Classification 1 | Sonorants & Obstruents |
| Consonant Classification 2 | Voicing |
| Voiced Obstruents | with supra glottal noise |
| Sonorants | without supra glottal noise source |
| built-up pressure released→ transient noise | Stop bursts |
| air forced through a narrow channel becomes turbulent → sustained noise | Fricatives |
| /h/ noise, aspiration | Aperiodic laryngeal source |
| Tongue tip raised toward alveolar ridge (superior longitudinal muscle) | Liquids [l] & [r] |
| [l] | Tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge: Sides of tongue down: lateral - Intermediate F2, High F3 |
| [r] | No tongue-tip contact with alveolar ridge: - Often retroflexed - Often has lip rounding - Intermediate F2, Very low F3 |
| Glide [ j ] | • Produc/on similar to [i]: - High, front tongue position • Formant values similar to [i]: • Formant transi/ons vary depending on adjacent vowels High F3 |
| Glide [w] | • Production similar to [u]: - High, back tongue position, rounded lips • Formant values similar to [u]: Formant transitions vary depending on adjacent vowels Intermediate F3 |
| Nasals [n] [m] [ng] | Require open Velopharyngeal (VP) port → lowered velum - Nasal cavity forms a resonant chamber • Oral cavity blocked at same places of articulation as oral stops: - [m] = at lips - [n] = at alveolar ridge - [ŋ] = at soft palate |
| VP insufficiency | the tissue to accomplish closure of the VP port is insufficient (e.g. cleg palate) |
| VP incompetence | due to neurological etiologies (e.g., motor speech disorders - dysarthria) |
| VP incorrect learning: | the result of sensory deficits (e.g., hearing impairment) |
| Nasal Murmur | Opening of VP port creates a large resonant cavity → Low-frequency nasal resonance (200–300 Hz) |
| Acoustic characteristics of Nasals | • Low amplitude - Anti-resonances attenuate energy in some frequencies - Large resonating space yields high damping - Soft walls of nasal cavities absorb energy |
| Production of Stops (when released) | 1) Complete occlusion/closure in oral cavity (Stop gap) 2) Air pressure behind occlusion rises during closure 3) Pressure drops at release of blocked air 4) Release of air yields a transient noise source, also called a release-burst |
| Stop Gap | the silence (or relative silence) during the stop occlusion (may not be evident if stop is in utterance-initial or utterance-final position) |
| Release Burst: | a brief (10-35 ms) transient noise immediately following the release of a stop |
| Aspiration: | period of voiceless sound following the release burst of voiceless stops occurring before vowels, liquids, or glides |
| Voice Onset Time: | the time between the release of a stop consonant and the beginning of voicing for the following vowel |
| Formant Transitions: | changing resonant frequencies that reflect the changing vocal tract shape as the speaker moves from one sound to the next |
| Categories of VOT | • Voicing lead: voicing begins -75 to -25 before stop release • Zero onset: voicing begins 0 to +25 ms after stop release • Voicing lag: voicing begins +40 to +100 ms after stop release |
| Hypothesizes Locus | (= constant starting frequency of F2) for each place of articulation |
| Types of Obstruents | 1) Fricatives: Narrow constriction in vocal tract: [f], [θ], [s], [ʃ], [h], [v], [ð], [z], [ʒ] 2) (Oral) Stops: Short blockage of vocal tract [g] 3) Affricates: Stop releasing into a fricative → Stop + Fricative: [tʃ], [dʒ] |
| Types of Fricatives | Labiodental [f], [v]: lips & teeth Linguadental (=Interdental) [θ], [ð]: tongue & teeth Alveolar [s], [z]: tongue & alveolar ridge Palatoalveolar [ʃ], [ʒ]: tongue & post-alveolar area Glottal [h]: opening between par-ally adducted VFs |
| Non-sibilants | Labiodental [f], [v] Linguadental [θ], [ð]; (GloZal [h]) |
| Sibibants | Alveolar [s], [z] Palatoalveolar [ʃ], [ʒ] |
| Coarticulation | The effect of overlapping gestures |
| Coarticulation | the adjustment of ar0culator movements to target more than one speech sound simultaneously |
| Regressive Effects | Preceding sound affected by following sound → Upcoming speech sound anticipated by preceding sound (e.g., vowel nasalizaton: hand [hæ |
| Progressive Effects | Following sound affected by preceding sound → Effects seen in following sound(s) (e.g., voicing of –s: cats [kæts] vs. dogs [dɑgz]) |
| segment | a discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech. |
| suprasegment | Characteristics of speech involving larger units than phoneme (or phonetic segment) |
| Prosodic Features | Stress Intonation Dration ü Juncture |
| Characteristics of Stressed Syllables | - Higher f0: increased VF tension, higher subglogal pressure - Greater intensity: higher subglogal pressure - Longer dura0on: more ar0culatory effort |
| Intonation | Pitch contour of ugerance (= f0 changes over 0me); applies to phrases & sentences |
| Lexical Stress | The degree of emphasis on individual syllables within words |
| Intrinsic Duration | some sounds are naturally longer than others |
| Phonetic Context | Syllable-final consonant voicing affects preceding vowel dura0on. |
| Juncture | the boundaries between phone0c or phonological en00es such as phonemes, syllables, morphemes, words, intermediate prosodic phrases, intona0onal phrases. |
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