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AcDec Music
THS AcDec Music Basic Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Frequency- | used to measure the rate of sound wave vibrations |
| Pitch- | the highness or lowness of sound |
| Octave- | the interval from one tone to another tone that is 8 full tones above or below the original tone |
| Chromatic Scale- | the set of twelve pitches contained withing the octave |
| Equal temperment tuning- | tuning to equally spaced frequencies |
| Dynamics- | the volume or intensity of a piece of music |
| Piano- | quiet |
| Forte- | loud |
| Fortissimo- | very loud |
| mezzo piano- | medium quiet |
| mezzo forte- | medium loud |
| crescendo- | growing |
| decrescendo- | diminishing |
| timbre- | tone color or the quality of the sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and volume |
| harmonics- | sounds heard together, when a sound is produced by a vibrating string or air column through its vibrations in parts (in two halves, then thirds, and so on) |
| beat- | the increase and decrease in the amplitude as a pulse |
| dissonance- | the combination of sounds that are rough and inharmonious |
| consonance- | combination of sounds that are smooth and harmonious |
| resonance- | the amplification or prolongation of a musical tone produced by sympathetic vibration |
| rhythm- | the organization of sounds and silences through time |
| tempo- | speed in which the piece is performed |
| meter- | the specific rhythm that is determined by the number of beats and by the pattern of recurrng stresses on certain beats |
| measure- | the unit that is used to group beats into sets in accordance with the meter |
| staff- | the set of 5 horizontal lines and 4 intermediate spaces that music is written on |
| bar line- | The lines that separates one measure from the next |
| bar- | another name for a measure; the unit that is used to group beats into sets in accordance with the meter |
| Down beat- | the first beat of a measure which is usually the strongest beat of the measure |
| syncopation- | created when accents occur at unexpected times on usually unaccented beats or in between beats |
| Clef sign- | indicates the pitch represented by one line of the staff |
| rest- | symbols used to indicate silences of differing lengths |
| time signature- | indicates how many beats are in each measure and what note values recieve one beat |
| treble clef- | indicates that the second line from the bottom of the staff is the note "G"; also called "G" Clef |
| Bass Clef | used to indicate the lower notes; also called "F" Clef |
| Scale- | the sequence of rising or falling pitches |
| Diatonic scale- | the scale of seven tones per octave although there is an 8th tone, it is simply a repitition of the first tone |
| Tonality- | the organization of music around a particular tone |
| dominant- | the 5th tone of a major scale |
| leading tone- | the 7th tone of the major scale |
| key signature- | the flats and sharps in a given key |
| Harmony- | when a musician sounds more than one pitch at any given moment |
| Chord- | refers to three or more tones sounded simultaneously |
| Triad- | a three note chord |
| cadence- | progression of notes or chords that give closure to a passage of music |
| Monophonic- | refers to a single strand of melody that performs that accompaniment |
| Polyphonic- | music that consists of two or more independent melodies |
| Homophony- | created when a primary melody is supported by other notes in the selected scale |
| Heterophony- | single melody that is played or sung by two or more different instruments or singers simultaneously |
| Homorhythmic- | technique in which the melody and the supporting parts are performed with similiar rhythms |
| Polyrhythmic- | technique in which the melody and the supporting parts are performed with different rhythms |
| form- | refers to the various ways in which musical elements are structured using repitition, variation, and contrast |
| Fugue- | a form that uses polyphonic texture and patterns of melodic repitition |
| motet- | same as Fugue; a form that uses polyphonic texture and patterns of melodic repitition |
| Binary form- | a form comprised of two sections; the first section usually leads tonally from the tonic to the dominant and the second section from the dominant to the tonic |
| Rounded Binary- | an extension of binary form wherein the first section is repeated at the end |
| ternary- | each section is self-contained and provides harmonic resolution |
| rondo- | a form that has a repeating "A" section that alternates with two or more contrasting sections |
| Verse/chorus or verse/refrain- | Binary form in which the verse section usually comes first and when it is repeated later in the song, the lyrics are different, and the melody may also differ slightly |
| Bridge- | a contrasting section that usually comes before the final chorus |
| through-composed- | when a poem or lyrics are set to music |
| theme and variation- | a musical form that begins with a basic melody that is repeated multiple times, each time featuring a variation of one or more elements |
| sonata- | a form that features three sections: exposition, developement, and recapitulation |
| Coda- | a passage at the end of a movement or composition that brings it to a formal close |
| 12-bar blues- | a form in which the first phrase is repeated and then is resolved by a third phrase |
| Soprano- | highest female part |
| Mezzo-soprano- | the middle range of a female part |
| alto- | lower range of a female part; also called contralto |
| tenor- | highest male part |
| baritone- | middle part for a male |
| Bass- | lowest male part |
| Idiophones- | istruments that are struck, scraped, rubbed, or bowed without stretching the material of the instrument |
| Membranophones- | percussive instruments that have a membrane stretched over a frame |
| aerophones- | produce sounds from a vibrating column of air |
| chordophones- | instruments whose vibrations are produced by a stretched string that is plucked, struck, or bowed |
| electrophones- | vibrations are produced via oscillating electronic circuits |
| Reed- | vibrating piece of wood used to create sound on a woodwind instrument |
| Plainsong- | Latin text of Mass sung in a chant-like fashion by the monks of the church; a single line of text and melody that is sung either by a priest, a choir singing in unison, or by priest and choir in alternation |
| Gregorian chants- | same as Plainsong; popular name for plainsong known since the reign of Pope Gregory(590-604) |
| Melisma- | several notes often sung succesively on one syllable |
| Organum- | the second melody that paralleled the original chant, usually at an interval of an octave or a fifth |
| chorales- | a traditional German hymn |
| Madrigals- | secular works written for several voice parts |
| Chansons- | secular songs that often set popular French poetry to music |
| Pavane- | dance music in duple meter |
| Galliard- | dance music in triple meter |
| Continuo- | slow changing chords on a harpsichord or a lute |
| Concerto- | pieces with contrasting textures, which usually featured a solo voice, or voices in contrast with larger groups |
| Word Painting- | where text is used as a model for the melody such that the melody sought to express the meaning of the text musically |
| Oratorio- | tells a story vocally with orchestral accompaniment; however the story is Biblical in nature |
| Symphony- | developed from the late baroque orchestral overtures that were played at the beginning of operas |
| Movements- | a self-contained section |
| Program music- | music that describes a nonmusical subject, such as a story, object, or scene, through the use of musical effects |
| Ballet- | musical stories that are portrayed by dancers with music being played |
| Symphonic Poems- | orchestral works that musically express ideas taken from paintings, poems, dramas, natural landscapes, or other nonmusical sources |
| Leitmotif- | a recognizable theme or musical idea that represents a character or concept in a dramatic work |
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