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Criminology
Ch. 5 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Positivism | the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces |
| Inheritance school | advocates of this view trace the activities of several generations of families believed to have an especially large number of criminal members |
| Somatotype | a system developed for categorizing people on the basis of their body build |
| Biosocial theory | an approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they relate to crime |
| Biophobia | a view held by sociologists that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature |
| Sociobiology | the scientific study of the determinants of social behavior, based on the view that such behavior is influenced both by the individual's genetic makeup and interactions with the environment |
| Trait theory | the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits |
| Hypoglycemia | a condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below the necessary level for normal and efficient brain functioning |
| Androgens | male sex hormones |
| Cerebral allergies | a physical condition that causes brain malfunction due to exposure to some environmental or biochemical irritant |
| Neuroallergies | allergies that affect the nervous system and cause the allergic person to produce enzymes that attack wholesome foods as if they were dangerous to the body |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | a device that can record the electronic impulses given off by the brain, commonly called brain waves |
| Minimal brain dysfunction | an abruptly appearing, maladaptive behavior that interrupts an individual's lifestyle and life flow |
| Learning disability (LD) | a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken or written languages |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a psychological disorder in which a child shows developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, hyperactivity, and lack of attention |
| Contagion effect | genetic predispositions and early experiences make some people, including twins, susceptible to deviant behavior, which is transmitted by the presence of antisocial siblings in the household |
| Behaviorism | the branch of psychology concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious motives |
| Cognitive theory | the study of the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world in which we live |
| Id | the primitive part of people's makeup, present at birth, that represents unconscious biological drives for food, sex, and other life-sustaining necessities |
| Ego | the part of the personality, developed in early childhood, that helps control the id and keep people's actions within the boundaries of social convention |
| Superego | incorporation within the personality of the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others |
| Conscience | one of two parts of the superego; it distinguishes between what is right and what is wrong |
| Conduct disorders | a pattern of repetitive behavior in which the rights of others or social norms are violated |
| Attachment theory | the belief that the ability to form attachments-that is, emotionally bond to another person- has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span |
| Disorders | any type of psychological problems such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and conduct disorders |
| Social learning theory | the view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close and from intimate contact or indirectly through the media |
| Humanistic psychology | a branch of psychology that stresses self-awareness and "getting in touch with feelings" |
| Personality | the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another |
| Psychopath | people who have an antisocial personality that is a product of a defect or aberration within themselves |
| Sociopath | personality disorder characterized by superficial charm and glibness, a lack of empathy for others, amoral conduct, a lack of shame, guilt, or remorse for antisocial behavior |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory | a widely used psychological test that has subscales designed to measure many different personality traits |
| California Personality Inventory (CPI) | a frequently administered personality test used to distinguish deviant groups from nondeviant groups |
| Intelligence | a person's ability to reason, think abstractly, understand complex ideas, learn from experience, and discover solutions to complex problems |
| Nature theory | the view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior |
| Nurture theory | the view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely a product of environment |
| Neurophysiology | the study of brain activity |
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