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Linux+ Exam LX0-103
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 101.1 – What devices must be terminated in a SCSI chain? | The devices at the ends of the chain must be terminated. (One of these may be the SCSI host adapter.) |
| 101.1 – How many SCSI devices do SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 support respectively? | SCSI-1 supports 8 and SCSI-2 (wide) supports 16. The host adapter counts as a device. |
| 101.1 – What command displays information about USB buses in the system and the devices connected to them? | lsusb lists USB devices. |
| 101.1 – What command would you use to obtain vendor information on PCI devices installed in your system? | You'd use the lspci command. |
| 101.1 – Will the lspci command show bus speed and/or IRQ settings for PCI devices installed on a system? | The lspci command shows both bus speed and IRQ settings. |
| 101.1 – What files will give you details about the physical or logical devices that are currently using various system resources. | /proc/interrupts , /proc/iomem , /proc/ioports , and the files in /proc/irq |
| 101.1 – When are changes to files in /proc/ recognized by the kernel? | All changes to files in /proc/ are immediately recognized by the kernel. |
| 101.1 – What is housed in /sys/ and why? | /sys houses the sysfs virtual filesystem which provides information about devices (primarily to user utilities). |
| 101.1 – What command will display detailed system hardware configuration information, mainly based on the contents of /proc/ and /sys/ ? | lshw |
| 101.1 – When does udev mount the /dev/ directory and what filesystem type is it mounted as? | During system startyp, udev mounts /dev/ as file system type tmpfs. |
| 101.1 – Where can additional rules for udev can be created? | /etc/udev/rules.d/ |
| 101.1 – What is Dbus? | DBus is an inter-process communication (IPC) and remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism that allows communication between multiple processes. |
| 101.1 – What does the modprobe command do? | It loads or removes one or more modules, including the module you specify and any on which it depends. |
| 101.1 – How would you show the status of kernel modules? | lsmod (lsmod has no flags) |
| 101.2 – What is the physical location of the first code an x86 CPU executes when it starts up? | This code is located in the firmware (BIOS or EFI), which is stored on a chip on the motherboard. |
| 101.2 – Where on a hard disk does the BIOS look for code to continue the boot process after the BIOS has initialized the hardware? | The Master Boot Record (MBR), which is the first sector on the hard disk. |
| 101.2 – In order for the boot loader to load the kernal, driver modules need to be accessible. How do they get loaded so that the boot process can continue? | The boot loader mounts the initramfs file into memory as a virtual filesystem during the boot step for the kernel to use. It contains the necessary device driver modules. |
| 101.2 – Which three init systems are used within Linux systems, listed from oldest to newest? | SysV init, Upstart, & systemd |
| 101.2 – On a systemd-based installation, what file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded? | /etc/systemd/system/default.target directs the boot process on a systemd installation. |
| 101.2 – On a SysV based installation, what file directs the Linux boot process after the kernel has loaded? | The boot process is directed by /etc/inittab on a SysV-based installation. |
| 101.2 – Which two run levels should never be declared as the default run level when using SysV init? | 0 and 6 |
| 101.2 – What command can you use after Linux has booted to examine the kernel ring buffer? | Use the dmesg command to examine the kernel ring buffer. It draws from the /var/log/dmesg file, which contains messages generated upon boot. |
| 101.3 – What command reveals the computer's current runlevel? | The runlevel command reveals the computer's current runlevel. |
| 101.3 – What is the standard runlevel for a normal running Linux system? | There is no fully standard runlevel; however, runlevel 2 is common on Debian based distributions, and runlevels 3 and 5 are common on Red Hat based distributions. |
| 101.3 – What methods are most commonly used to shut down a Linux system? | shutdown -h, telinit 0 (links to init), poweroff, & halt |
| 101.3 – What methods are most commonly used to reboot a Linux system? | shutdown -r, telinit 6 (links to init), & reboot |
| 101.3 – How can you keep users informed about problems and likely downtimes when you need to shut down a computer on short notice (say, 10 minutes)? | Pass a warning message at the end of a shutdown command, like so. shutdown -h +10 "server needs new disk; up in an hour" |
| 101.3 – In systemd, what commands would be used to manage services? | systemctl [COMMAND] [SERVICE] Commands: start, stop, restart, status, enable, disable, etc. |
| 101.3 – In SysV and Upstart, what commands would be used to manage services? | /etc/init.d/[SERVICE] [COMMAND] Commands: start, stop, reload, restart, & force-reload |
| 101.3 – What directory are systemd customizations stored in? | /etc/systemd/ |
| 101.3 – Which SysV init configuration file should be modified to disable the ctrl-alt-delete key combination? | /etc/inittab is the configuration file for SysV |
| 101.3 – What does the following command do? echo foo | wall | It broadcasts a message to all logged in users. |
| 102.1 – On what MBR partition type(s) (primary, extended, or logical) may the Linux root ( / ) partition reside? | The Linux root partition may reside on a primary or logical partition. Extended partitions are "placeholders" for one or more logical partitions. |
| 102.1 - What is kept in the /boot/ directory? | Boot loader files are; such as kernels, initrd, initramfs, etc. |
| 102.1 - What is kept in the /var filesystem? | Variable files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system; such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files. |
| 102.1 – In what two forms does Linux swap space generally come? | It may come as a dedicated swap partition or a swap file within a regular filesystem. |
| 102.1 – List the main features for LVM (Logical Volume Manager). | Hot swappable disks, easily resized filesystems, volume snapshots, & logical volumes of multiple physical entities. |
| 102.2 – Where can the GRUB boot loader code be installed on a BIOS-based computer? Also, which location is compatible with Windows FDISK? | The GRUB boot loader can be installed on the hard disk's MBR or a Linux partition's boot sector. Install to the primary Linux partition's boot sector for Windows compatibility. |
| 102.2 – Where are the GRUB legacy configuration files located and what are their names? | The GRUB Legacy configuration files are located in the /boot/grub/ directory and named grub.conf and menu.lst . |
| 102.2 – After editing your GRUB Legacy configuration file, what command should you type to ensure that your changes take effect? | None; GRUB Legacy reads its configuration file at boot time, so you don't need to regenerate it after editing the configuration file. |
| 102.2 - Why should you not edit /boot/grub/grub.cfg directly to change Grub 2 configuration? | The command grub-mkconfig generates the file /boot/grub/grub.cfg after changing appropriate configuration files. |
| 102.2 - What are the editable configuration files Grub 2? | The files in the /etc/grub.d/ directory and the /etc/default/grub file. |
| 102.2 – What GRUB Legacy and GRUB 2 command is used to pass control to another boot loader? | The chainloader command, which passes control to the partition specified by a preceding root or rootnoverify command. |
| 102.2 – List both the GRUB legacy and GRUB 2 options to specify a background image file to be displayed at boot time. | Grub Legacy: splashimage /grub/splash.xpm.gz Grub 2: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="splash" |
| 102.3 – What are the advantages of shared (aka dynamic) libraries over static libraries? | Shared libraries saves disk space and saves memory, at least when they're used by multiple programs. |
| 102.3 – What does the ldd command do? | The ldd command prints shared library dependencies. |
| 102.3 – If library files are added or removed from a system, what command will update the library cache? What is the path and name of the cache file? | ldconfig will update the cache located in /etc/ld.so.cache |
| 102.3 – What human-readable file holds information about library paths? | The /etc/ld.so.conf file includes this information. |
| 102.3 – What environment variable contains information about shared libraries and how are entries separated? | LD_LIBRARY_PATH is colon separated |
| 102.3 – What happens when you try to run a program that requires a library that's not installed? | The program responds with a message saying that it couldn't find a library file. (The message may not be visible if the program is launched in a GUI environment.) |
| 102.4 – What tools are most commonly used to install or remove Debian packages? | dpkg - backend debian package manager dselect - older front-end to dpkg apt - newer front end to dpkg aptitude - front end to apt |
| 102.4 – When using apt, what configuration file lists where packages can be obtained from? | /etc/apt/sources.list |
| 102.4 – For a previously installed Debian package, how would you configure that package again without reinstalling it? | dpkg-reconfigure packagename |
| 102.4 – What command searches for an available apt package? How would you show dependencies when you find a package? | apt-cache search packagename apt-cache depends packagename |
| 102.5 - On an RPM system, what is the effect of typing rpm -e somepackage as root? | If the package somepackage is installed and not depended on by other programs, it is uninstalled (erased) from the system. |
| 102.5 – What should you type to upgrade the somepackage RPM package with a new file called somepackage-1.2.3-3.i386.rpm ? | Type rpm -U somepackage-1.2.3-3.i386.rpm. You could optionally add the flags -v (verbose) and -h (hash marked progress bar). |
| 102.5 – How do you view the changelog for package.rpm before deciding whether to install or upgrade it? | rpm -qp --changelog package.rpm (q being query, p being package) |
| 102.5 – What command will extract an archive from a Redhat Package Manager file? | rpm2cpio |
| 102.5 – List common yum commands related to package installation or uninstallation. | yum install package yum remove package # (or erase) yum reinstall package |
| 102.5 – List common yum commands related to updating packages. | yum update [package] yum check-update yum upgrade [package] |
| 102.5 – What is the path and name of the main configuration file for yum? | /etc/yum.conf |
| 102.5 – In which directory must definition files be placed to add additional repositories to yum? | /etc/yum.repos.d/ |
| 102.5 – What will the following command do? yumdownloader --resolve somepackage | It will download the package somepackage and its dependencies to the current directory. |
| 103.1 – In Bash, what command prints the exit value of the most recently executed program? | echo $? |
| 103.1 – How can you display all of the environment variables that are currently set in your login shell? | Type env or printenv or set. |
| 103.1 – What are two ways to set an environment variable only for a sub-process? | env FOO=BAR printenv FOO or FOO=BAR printenv FOO Both of these commands set a modified environment variable only available to the process printenv. |
| 103.1 – What command makes an environment variable available to subshells? | export |
| 103.1 – In BASH, what is the most efficient way to add an entry to your working path. | export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/dir1 |
| 103.1 – What command will show you the path of the directory in which you're currently working? | The pwd command will show you the path of the directory you're in currently. |
| 103.1 – What BASH command will prevent you from overwriting a file when using either a > or a >> redirection operator? | set -o noclobber |
| 103.1 – How would you activate and deactivate a shell trace and what is it? | set -x # activate trace # Now commands and their arguments print as they are executed. set +x # deactivate trace |
| 103.1 – What does the following command do? unset FOO | It removes the assigned value from the variable FOO . |
| 103.1 – How would you read a Linux manual page for topic? | Type man topic, where topic is the name of the command, configuration file, or other topic you want to investigate. |
| 103.1 – How do man pages and info pages differ? | man pages are "flat" documents; that is, single files. By contrast, info pages use hypertext (similar to web pages) to help organize documents. |
| 103.1 – What can you learn from the uname utility? | You can learn the kernel name, the network hostname, the kernel release, the kernel version number, the machine name, the processor type, the hardware platform, and the OS name. |
| 103.1 – List common uname flags and their definitions. | -a all info -n network hostname -r release number for kernel -v version -p processor type |
| 103.1 – If a user had two terminals open, how could the session history be merged from one terminal into the other? | From a terminal: history -a #append session history to history file To another terminal: history -n #append new history file lines to session history |
| 103.1 – What file does the history command use to persistent across sessions? | .bash_history |
| 103.2 – What does the following pseudocommand do? [somecommand] | cut -d " " -f 3 | It pipes output from a command to cut, which produces the third field, delimited by spaces. |
| 103.2 – What command will process a text file by substituting three spaces for each tab and outputting it to a different file? How could you do the opposite? | expand -t 3 tabbedfile > spacedfile unexpand -t 3 spacedfile > tabbedfile |
| 103.2 – What does the fmt command do? | It reformats the paragraphs within a file. |
| 103.2 – What command shows you the first few lines of a text file? What command shows you the last few lines of a text file? How many lines do the above commands show by default? | head shows you the first few lines of a text file. tail shows you the last few lines of a text file. They both display 10 lines by default. |
| 103.2 – What does the -n flag affect for the head and tail commands? | It changes the number of lines shown; -n would be followed by a number. |
| 103.2 – As root, you type tail -f /var/log/messages. What will be the result of this command? | The command displays the last few lines of /var/log/messages and then continues to monitor the file and display new lines as they're added to it. |
| 103.2 – What does the od command do? | The od command (octal dump) displays a non-ASCII file in octal output. |
| 103.2 – What command would you use to combine two tab-delimited text files, that have at least one field in common? | join somefile anotherfile |
| 103.2 – What does the nl command do? | nl outputs a text file with line numbers. |
| 103.2 – What command would you use to merge two files line by line, separating the lines from each file with tabs? | paste somefile anotherfile |
| 103.2 – What command will paginate or columnate text files for printing? | pr somefile |
| 103.2 – What stream editor command will replace the first instance of the string “linux” to “Linux” in the text file called somefile and output the results to standard output? | sed s/linux/Linux/ somefile |
| 103.2 – What command will arrange a tab-delimited text file by the third field in reverse order? | sort -r -k 3 somefile |
| 103.2 – What command will divide a text file into several 2 line files? How will the result files be named? | split -l 2 somefile splitfile splitfileaa splitfileab … |
| 103.2 – What translate command will replace all instances of the string “LINUX” to “Linux” in the text file called somefile and output the results to standard output? | tr LINUX Linux < somefile |
| 103.2 – What does the uniq command do? | uniq inputfile outputfile removes duplicate lines from inputfile and outputs the result to outputfile. |
| 103.2 – What does the wc command do? | By default, wc (word count) prints newline, word, and byte counts for a file. |
| 103.3 – What does the cp command accomplish? | It copies one or more files. |
| 103.3 – How can you search for stray files belonging to a user when deleting that user's account? | find / -uid 504 would find all files owned by the user whose UID is 504. |
| 103.3 – What are the most common find command flags used to locate files based on type, time, or size? | -type f #regular file -type d #directory -atime #access time -ctime #changed time -size |
| 103.3 – What does the mv command accomplish? | It moves or renames a file or directory. |
| 103.3 – What command would you type at a shell prompt to view the contents of the /usr/local/bin directory with human readable file sizes? | ls -lh /usr/local/bin |
| 103.3 – An administrator wants to delete /home/baduser but mistakenly types rm -r /home /baduser as root (note the extra space). What will be the consequence? | This command recursively deletes all of the files in the /home and /baduser directories, effectively destroying all users' files (assuming they're all in /home, as is common). |
| 103.3 – What command would alter the timestamp of an existing file? | touch -t [CCYYMMDDhhmm.ss] filename |
| 103.3 – How do tar archive files and tarballs differ? | A tarball (file.tar.gz) is a compressed tar archive, whereas a plain tar archive file is not compressed. |
| 103.3 – What are the five most commonly used flags used with the tar command? | The five most common tar flags are: -c create -x extract -z zip -v verbose (list files) -f archive file name |
| 103.3 – How would you archive all files in the current directory using cpio ? How would you extract them? | ls | cpio -ov > files.cpio cpio -iv < files.cpio |
| 103.3 – What command would raw write random data to the second sata drive, four kilobytes at a time? | dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdb bs=4k |
| 103.3 – What does the following command do? file somefile | It returns the file type for the file somefile . |
| 103.3 – What do gzip and gunzip do by default with no flags? | gzip singlefile #compresses and renames singlefile to singlefile.gz gunzip singlefile.gz #compresses and moves singlefile.gz to singlefile |
| 103.3 – What does a .bz2 file extension indicate? | A file compressed with bzip2 will have a .bz2 file extension. |
| 103.4 – What can be used to link together multiple programs so that the output of one program becomes the input of another? | Pipes enable you to link together multiple programs. At the command line, the pipe character is a vertical bar | . |
| 103.4 – What is the BEST way to direct the standard output of a program to both the monitor and a file at the same time? | [COMMAND] | tee output.log |
| 103.4 – You type the command testprog < somefile.txt. What is the effect of the less-than (<) character in this command? | This is an input redirection operator; it causes the contents of somefile.txt to be sent to testprog as if the contents of somefile.txt were typed at the console. |
| 103.4 – How would you redirect standard error to standard out for a script named script.sh ? | ./script.sh 2>&1 |
| 103.4 – When running a script named script.sh, how would you redirect error messages to a file called error.log ? | ./script.sh 2> error.log |
| 103.4 – How could xargs help you search for and remove temp files? | find /tmp -name "*tmp" | xargs rm |
| 103.5 – How can a process be started in the background? How can a foreground process be stopped (suspended), then moved to the background? | someprocess & #starts process in background [Ctrl]-Z #stops a foreground process bg #moves a stopped process to background |
| 103.5 – How can both backgrounded and stopped (suspended) processes be listed? How can a backgrounded process be brought to the foreground? How can a backgrounded process be killed? | jobs #lists backgrounded and stopped processes fg %3 #brings 3rd process to foreground kill %3 #kills 3rd process |
| 103.5 - How do you tell kill what process you want to terminate? | Pass kill the target process's process ID (PID) number. |
| 103.5 – You want to kill a process by name. What command can you use to do this? | Type killall processname. Alternatively, you can use ps to find the process ID (PID) of the process and use kill. |
| 103.5 – What happens if you type the following command in a terminal window and then exit the terminal window afterwards? nohup xeyes | The xeyes program will run independently of it's parent process (the terminal window), so it will keep running after the terminal is exited. |
| 103.5 – How can you identify processes that consume an inordinate amount of CPU time? | You can use either the top utility or the ps utility with appropriate switches. |
| 103.5 – What is the function of the top program? | top displays an ordered process list, updating it frequently. By default, top orders processes by CPU use, but you can give it commands to order processes by other criteria. |
| 103.5 – What does the following command do? free -h | The amount of free and used memory in the system will be shown in human readable form. |
| 103.5 – What does the output of the uptime utility show? | The output of the uptime utility shows the time the system has been running as well as three load averages (for the past minute, the past 5 minutes, and the past 15 minutes). |
| 103.5 – What do the pgrep and pkill commands do? | They either look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes. |
| 103.5 – What is screen? | Screen is a full-screen text-based window manager. |
| 103.6 - What is the purpose of the nice command? | It allows you to run a program with a specified priority, -20 being highest and 19 lowest. |
| 103.6 – What is the effect of running this command as root? renice 19 2548 | The priority of the process with a process ID (PID) number 2548, if it's present, is changed to 19; that is, the process's priority is set to the lowest possible value. |
| 103.7 - You type ps ax | grep xterm. What is the purpose of the grep xterm portion of this command? | It searches the output for the string xterm. The grep command searches for patterns in input files (the output of the ps ax command, given the pipe in the original command). |
| 103.7 – What is the difference between grep and egrep? | The grep program uses basic regular expressions by default, but egrep uses extended regular expressions by default. |
| 103.7 - Using regular expression (regex) character matching, answer the following. How would a list of characters (or a single) be indicated? How would a range of characters be indicated? How would any single character (except newline) be indicated? | [a] (bracket expression) matches any character within the brackets [1-3] a range is indicated within a bracket expression using a dash . (dot) matches any character except a newline |
| 103.7 - When using a regular expression (regex), how are the start and end of lines indicated? | ^ carat is start of line, end of line is dollar sign $ |
| 103.7 - Using regular expression (regex) repetition operators, how are the following indicated? zero or more occurances one or more occurances zero or one match | * indicates zero or more occurances + indicates one or more occurances ? indicates zero or one match |
| 103.7 - When using a regular expression (regex), what does a vertical bar | mean; what do () parentheses mean? | car|truck a vertical separates two possible string matches () parentheses separate subexpressions |
| 103.8 - What modes does the vi editor support, and what are they for? | The vi editor supports command mode (internal vi commands), ex mode (external and file-related commands), and input mode (edit text). |
| 103.8 – What two ways could you save the current file and exit the vi editor? How would you save without exiting? How would you exit without saving the file? | :wq or ZZ will write and quit :w! will force write (save without quitting) :q! will force quit (without saving) |
| 103.8 – In the vi editor, what are the two ways to enter input mode by appending? | a #append after cursor A #append to current line |
| 103.8 – In the vi editor, what are the two ways to enter input mode by inserting? | i #insert before cursor I #insert beginning of line |
| 103.8 – In the vi editor, what are the two ways to enter input mode on another line? | o #open line below O #open line above |
| 103.8 – In the vi editor, how could you search for a term either forward or backward? | / #search forward ? #search backward |
| 103.8 – What do the following four characters do in the vi editor? h j k l | They navigate the cursor back, down, up, and forward. |
| 103.8 – In the vi editor visual mode, how would you change, yank, or delete? | c #change (delete and insert) y #yank d #delete |
| 104.1 - What are the two ways to create an ext3 filesystem in a previously created partition? | mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdc1 #actually calls the below mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1 #which you can run directly (aka mke2fs) |
| 104.1 – What are the two ways to create a fat32 filesystem in a previously created partition? | mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdc1 #actually calls the below mkfs.vfat /dev/sdc1 #which you can run directly (aka mkdosfs) |
| 104.1 – Your computer has a large hard disk, and you can't allow extended downtime doing filesystem checks after a power failure. How can you avoid this? | Use a journaling filesystem, such as Btrfs, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, or XFS. |
| 104.1 – What command will show the name of a USB device that was not automatically mounted? | The fdisk -l commands lists the partitions on your system. |
| 104.1 – What fdisk command creates a new partition, after opening the utility? | Typing n creates a new partition in fdisk. |
| 104.1 – What text-mode program(s) might you use to edit the partitions on a GPT disk? | gdisk or parted |
| 104.1 - What two commands will allow the creation and use of swap space on partition sda7 ? | mkswap /dev/sda7 swapon /dev/sda7 |
| 104.2 – What will the following command do? du -hs /opt | It will list the human readable size (summary) of the /opt directory's contents. |
| 104.2 – What does the df command show? | It reports file system and disk space usage. |
| 104.2 - What is fsck and what is its basic syntax, used on sda2? | fsck is a filesystem check tool (the frontend to e2fsck, fsck.ext2, etc.) fsck /dev/sda2 -t [fstype] #can be optionally indicated |
| 104.2 - How can dumpe2fs, tune2fs, and debugfs help with filesystem maintenance? | dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1 #human readable fs info on sdb1 tune2fs and debugfs tune filesystem options |
| 104.2 – What is the difference between xfs_info and xfs_metadump? | xfs_info provides filesystem information. xfs_metadump provides debugging information for developers. |
| 104.3 – In /etc/fstab , what option must an entry have to allow a user to mount a file system? | The users option, as in /dev/hdc1 /data ext3 noauto,users 0 0 |
| 104.3 - Assuming default options, how would /dev/sdc1 be mounted in /mnt/temp ? How would it be unmounted? | mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/temp umount /dev/sdc1 |
| 104.3 - Assuming default options, how would a partition be mounted in /mnt/temp by either partition label or UUID (instead of by device)? | mount -L PARTLABEL /mnt/temp mount -U 953d6425... /mnt/temp |
| 104.4 - What two commands displays users' disk usage and limits? | quota repquota -a |
| 104.4 – What utility allows you to edit disk quota information? | The edquota utility allows you to edit disk quota information. |
| 104.4 - What commands can be run as root to enable or disable quotas? | quotaon quotaoff |
| 104.5 - How do SUID (setuid) permissions affect executables? How is it indicated? | Any user with permission to run the executable will run it using the owner's privileges. s in owner execute column (high-order octal 4) |
| 104.5 - How do SGID (setgid) permissions affect directories? How is it indicated? | New files and subdirectories created within it will inherit its group ID, rather than the primary group ID of the user who created the file. s in group execute column (high-order octal 2) |
| 104.5 – What is the function of the sticky bit? How is it indicated? | A sticky bit is set on a directory so that any file within can only be deleted by its owner or the directory owner. t in world execute position (high-order octal 1) |
| 104.5 – What is accomplished by the command chmod a+x scriptfile.sh ? | The command adds execute permissions for the owner, group, and world to scriptfile.sh (the file is made executable). |
| 104.5 – What numbers represent which permissions in octal notation? | Read: 4 Write: 2 Execute: 1 |
| 104.5 – The user sneaky types chown sneaky sensitive.txt. What is the effect? | An error message results. Only root may use chown to change the ownership of a file. |
| 104.5 – What command will show you the numeric value currently being subtracted from the default permissions of newly created files and directories? | The umask command does. Default permissions are determined by subtracting the octal umask setting from 777 for directories or 666 for files. |
| 104.5 - What two commands could change only the group of a file (assuming the file is named somefile and the group is named somegroup)? | chgrp somegroup somefile chown :somegroup somefile |
| 104.5 – What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link? | A hard link is two or more filenames that point to the same inode and hence the same file. A symbolic link is a file that points to another file by name; accessing the symbolic link accesses the linked-to file. |
| 104.6 - What command would create a soft link named "link" to a file named "file"? How can you identify a soft link with an ls -l ? | ln -s file link lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... link -> file |
| 104.6 - What command would create a hard link named "link" to a file named "file"? How can you identify a hard link with an ls -l ? | ln file link There would be a "2" in the inode column. |
| 104.7 – Where do most system configuration files normally reside? | Most system configuration files reside in /etc or its subdirectories. |
| 104.7 - Where would you expect to find common executables that should be available to all users? | /usr/bin is the directory set aside in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) for such programs. |
| 104.7 – Where do programs installed from source code normally reside? | They reside on /usr/local. |
| 104.7 - What are the differences between which and whereis? | which searches only the PATH variable for an executable whereis searches for binary, source and man pages in standard Linux places |
| 104.7 - What is the main limitation of the locate utility? | It relies on updatedb (usually run by cron) to update its search database. |
| 104.7 – What is the configuration file for updatedb ? | /etc/updatedb.conf |
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randomenthusiast
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