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A/P Test #1
Test questions for Anatomy and Physiology Test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens during Anaphase? | Separates daughter chromosomes and moves away from each other. |
| What is the start codon? | AUG |
| What is Anatomy and Physiology? | The structure and function of the human body. |
| How can structures be organized for study? | By hierarchical level or by functions. (ex. Plasma membranes, electrons, protons, neurons, etc.) |
| What does the Parietal layers do? | Lines the body wall. |
| What does the Visceral layers do? | Surrounds the organs. |
| What/where is the serous space? | It is filled with fluid and located between the layers. |
| What are the three groups of membranes? | Periodical (heart), Pleural (lung), and Peritoneal (abdominal). |
| What are the Planes of Divisions of the body? | Sagittal Plane (sideways), Coronal Plane (Front and back), and Transverse Plane (horizontal). |
| How do human bodies reproduce? | Division of cells and production of offspring |
| Water always moves to __? | Dilute. A living cell has limits to how much water can enter it. Water can also leave a cell, causing the cell to shrink. Too much water in a cell with cause it to burst. |
| What are the 4 tissue types? | Connective, nervous, epithelial, and skeletal. |
| What does squamous mean? | Thin and small. |
| What is a Simple Squamous? Details? | located in the kidneys, lining of heart, air sacs of lungs, lymphic vessels. general function is secretion, filtration. Special feature is the nuclei. |
| What is a stained tissue? | To enhance contrast, although artifacts (distortions) detract from what the sample looks like in living tissues |
| What is a fixed tissue? | Tissue that is preserved with solvent |
| What is a sectioned tissue? | Tissue that is cut into slices thin enough to transmit light or electrons |
| What is a cubonial cell? | A cell that is cube shaped. |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium: | One layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells. Provides absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. Lines the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. |
| Simple Cubonial Epithelium: | Single layer of cube-like cells with large, sphere shaped nuclei. Secretion and absorption. Located in the kidney, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and the surface of the ovaries. |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium: | Single layer of flattened cells with central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simplest of the epithelia; allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Found in kidneys, lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels. |
| What are the Endocrine Glands? | Ductless glands. Secrete hormones. Messenger chemicals that travel through lymph or blood to the specific target organs. Target organs respond in some characteristic way. |
| What are the Exocrine Glands? | Secrete products into ducts, can be mulicellular |
| What are the Unicellular exocrine glands? | all produce mucin, a sugar protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus, a slimy, protective lubricating coating. |
| What are the 4 main classes of cartilage? | Cartilage, Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibro cartilage. |
| What is the most common cell type? | Red blood cells. |
| What do Mast Cells do? | Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect |
| Isotonic solutions: | Most commonly given when blood volume needs to be increased quickly |
| What are the two major periods of the cell cycle? | Interphase and Cell Division (also known as Mitotic phase: cells divide into 2) |
| What is the role of RNA? | associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structures, which physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains. |
| What are the 2 main active transport membrane processes? | Active transport and vesicular transport |
| What causes diffusion? Which way are they moving? | The colliding of molecules. They are moving from high to low concentration, which is down their concentration gradient. |
| What is the concentration gradient? | The difference between the high and low concentration |
| What is equilibrium? | When the molecules are evenly distributed. (but still moving) |
| What is a process referred to as? | A transcription |
| What are the 3 stages in the translation process? | Initiation, Elongation, and Termination. |
| Hydrostatic pressure: | Pressure of water inside of a cell pushing on the membrane |
| What is Osmosis? | Diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer |
| What are the 3 types of muscle? | Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. |
| Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? | Voluntary. |
| Where is Smooth muscle located? | Around hollow organs. (Ex. Intestines) |
| What is the function of muscle? | To contract. |
| What is the function of Nerve Cells? | Transmit impulses from sensory receptors and to effectors. |
| What does Avascular mean? | Fewer blood vessels. |
| How many layers (strata) does Thick Skin contain and where is it located? | It contains 5 layers and is found in high abrasion areas. (Ex. Hands and feet) |
| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. |
| What is Apoptosis? | Also known as programmed cell death, causes certain cells to neatly self destruct. (Ex. Cancer cells, infected cells, old cells) |
| What is Hyperplasia? | Accelerated cell growth that increases cell numbers when needed. |
| What is the function of muscle? | To contract. |
| What do Nerve Cells do? | Transmit impulses from sensory receptors and to effectors. |
| Periodium: | Covering of the heart. |
| What are the 3 main types of skin cancer? | Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. |
| Most skin tumors are __. | Benign (not cancerous and do not spread). |
| Sweating can cause__ and __ loss. | salt and water loss. |
| Chemical Barrier | Secretes many chemicals such as sweat, antimicrobial defensen. |
| Acid Mantle: | Low pH of skin retards bacterial multiplication |
| Protection: | Skin is exposed to microorganisms, abrasions, temperature extremes and harmful chemicals. |
| What are the 3 barriers of skin protection? | Chemical barrier, physical barrier, and biological barrier. |
| What is a true function of melanocytes? | They produce melanin. |
| What is a true function of carotene? | It can be converted to vitamin A for vision. (Ex. Carotene is in carrots) |
| What are two facts about Stratum Lucidum? | It contains keratinocytes and is only found in thick skin (Hands, feet, high abrasion areas.) |
| What are two facts about Dendritic cells? | They are star shaped macrophages and are in the epidermis. |
| What is pallor? | When your skin turns pale/white due to fear or from being scared. |
| What are two facts about erythema? | It is due to increased blood flow and makes the skin pink or red. |
| What is Alopecia? | Thinning hair/balding. |
| Sudoriferous Glands: | Found on almost all skin surfaces; they can be enocrine glands, aprocrine glands or merocrine glands. |
| What are the main functions of skin? | The skin serves as a barrier. Temperature regulation, protection, cutaneous sensations, melanin, and the chemical, biological and ohysical barriers. |
| What is melanin? | Protects the skin from UV damage. |
| Physical Barrier: | Flat, dead ketanizised cells of stratum corneum, surrounded by glycolipids, block most water and water soluble substances. |
| Biological Barrier: | Epidermis contains eating cells, Dermis contains macrophages, DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation, converting it to harmless heat. |
| How much noticeable sweat can the body produce? | 12 Liters of noticeable sweat per day. |
| Skin makes__, which aids in natural turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles. | Collagenase. |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: | Single layer of cells of differing heights; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells. Secretes substances, particularly mucus. Located in male sperm if nonciliated; cilitated lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium: | Thick membrane made of several cell layers; basal cells are metabolically active and produce more cells for the layers; service cells are flattened; the surface cells are full of keratin and dead. Protects underlying tissues. Lines mouth, vagina, throat. |
| Transitional Epithelium: | Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on organ stretch. Stretches readily for urination. Lines uterers, bladder, and part of the urethra. |
| Squamous means; | Scale-like. |
| Cuboidal means: | Cube-like. |
| Columnar means: | column shaped. |
| What are the 4 types of macromolecules? | Polysaccharide, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids. |
| What are the 3 types of bonds? | Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, and Hydrogen bonds. |
| What types of reactions are common in the body? | Synthesis, Decomposition, and Exchange. |
| How do we measure concentration of solutions? | Percent of solute in total solution; |
| Cells come from __. | Other cells. |
| What are the 3 common structures of the cell? | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and the Nucleus. |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Contains genetic information (DNA) and is the site of transcription (Makes mRNA) |
| What are the Membrane Bound Organelles? | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Mitochondria, and Peroxisomes. |
| Mitochondria: | Converts sugars into usable energy (ATP); double membrane layer; own DNA; own ribosomes; does fission. |
| What are the Non Membrane Bound Organelles? | Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrosomes and Centrioles, |
| Hydrogen Bonds: | Attractive force between polar covalent molecules. |
Created by:
bhemlepp
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