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NRTC A&P Ch. 19
Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is hydrogen alkalinic or acidic? | Acidic |
| On the pH scale, 0-6.9 is what? | Acidic |
| On the pH scale, 7.1 to 14 is what? | Alkalinic |
| On the pH scale, 7 is what? | Neutral |
| What is homeostatic pH? | 7.35-7.45 |
| What percentage of the body's water is extracellular? | 35% |
| What is extracellular fluid? | Fluid that resides outside the cells |
| What percentage of the body's water is intracellular? | 65% |
| What is intracellular fluid? | Fluid that resides inside the cells |
| What is transcellular fluid? | Extracellular fluid such as CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), synovial fluid, vitreous and aqueous humor, and digestive secretions. |
| What is osmosis? | The movement of fluid in and out of a cell in order to reach homeostasis. |
| In what instances would you need to increase fluid intake? | Illness, exercise, sweating |
| How does a high concentration inside the cell effect fluid movement? | Fluid moves in to the cell |
| How does a low concentration inside the cell effect fluid movement? | Fluid moves out of the cell |
| What does a diuretic do? | Increase urination |
| What does an antidiuretic do? | Decrease urination |
| What part of the brain controls thirst? | Hypothalamus |
| What hormone does the pituitary gland secrete? | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
| What does ADH do? | Prompts the kidneys to reabsorb water and produce less urine. |
| When replacing fluid, you must replace water and what? | Electrolytes |
| Severe fluid deficiency that leads to circulatory collapse is what? | Hypovolemic shock |
| What results when the body eliminates more water than sodium? | Dehydration |
| What results from blood loss or loss of both water and sodium? | Volume depletion |
| A decrease in serum sodium and osmolarity causes ADH to do what? | Increase |
| A increase in serum sodium and osmolarity causes ADH to do what? | Decrease |
| What is osmolarity? | The amount of particles in the blood. |
| What is the main extracellular electrolyte? | Sodium |
| What is Tugor? | Elasticity |
| What is tenting? | The persistence of pinched skin, indicating dehydration. |
| Why is fluid excess dangerous? | It can cause lysis, and pulmonary or cerebral edema |
| Dependant Edema is edema that... | Is dependant to gravity. |
| What part of the body is effected by dependant edema? | The part that is lowest. |
| What must be present in order for the body to create electrical impulses? | Electrolytes |
| Which electrolyte is necessary for saltatory conduction? | Sodium |
| What does sodium determine? | Volume of total body water |
| Water follows what? | Sodium |
| A decrease in plasma proteins can cause what? | Edema |
| Why will a decrease in plasma proteins cause edema? | It won't pull as much fluid from tissues so that protein concentration will not be diluted. |
| What are the major cations? | Na+, K+, Ca+, and H+ |
| What are the major anions? | Cl-, HCO3-, and Pi |
| What makes an electrolyte a cation? | It has a positive charge. |
| What makes an electrolyte an anion? | It has a negative charge. |
| What prompts the renal tubules to reabsorb Na+? | Aldosterone |
| What is suppressed when aldosterone is released? | ADH. |
| What triggers the release of aldosterone? | Decrease in serum osmolarity. |
| Na+ is ____ | Sodium |
| K+ is ____ | Potassium |
| Ca+ is ____ | Calcium |
| H+ is ____ | Hydrogen |
| Cl- is ____ | Chloride |
| HCO3- is ____ | Bicarbonate |
| Pi is ____ (The electrolye, not 3.14) | Phosphates |
| Hypernatremia is an elevated what? | Serum sodium level. |
| Hyperkalemia is an elevated what? | Potassium level |
| Hypercalcemia is an elevated what? | Calcium level |
| Homeostatic potassium level is | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| Calcium is needed for | muscle contraction |
| The main intracellulcar electrolyte is | Potassium |
| Too much potassium can do what? | Stop the heart. |
| Calcium levels are regulated by what? | Thyroid and bones. |
| Hypernatremia is a plasma concentration greater than... | 146 mEq/L |
| Hyponatremia is a plasma concentration less than.... | 139 mEq/L |
| Hypernatremia can indicates what? | A fluid deficit |
| How is hypernatremia corrected? | Increase fluid intake, body usually self-corrects. |
| Hyponatremia results from what? | Excess body water |
| How is hyponatremia corrected? | Excretion |
| What is the most dangerous electrolyte imbalance? | Potassium |
| An increase of this electrolyte inhibits depolarization | Calcium |
| A decrease in this electrolyte may result from diuretics, vomiting, or chronic diarrhea. | Potassium |
| An increase in this electrolyte makes nerve a muscle cells irritable. | Potassium |
| An increase in this electrolyte may result from hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, or alkalosis | Calcium |
| A decrease in this electrolyte makes cells less excitable | Potassium |
| Hypercalcemia is a plasma concentration | greater than 5.8 mEq/L |
| Hypocalcemia is a plasma concentration | Less than 4.5 mEq/L |
| A decrease in this electrolyte may result from hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, acidosis, or diarrhea | Calcium |
| A decrease in this electrolyte increases excitation of nerves and muscles. | Calcium |
| Sligh deviates of blood pH can be | Fatal |
| What do chemical buffers do? | Neutralize hydrogen |
| True/False: Hydrogen neutralized by chemical buffers is retreivable. | True. |
| How do chemical buffers work? | Use a weak base to bind H+ ions to weak acid to release them. |
| What are the chemical buffer systems? | Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein. |
| What are the physiological buffers? | Respitory and urinary. |
| What is the only buffer system that can get rid of hydrogen is | Urinary |
| The lungs expel ____ to ____ pH. | CO2, raise |
| The kidneys expel ____ to ____ pH. | H+, lower |
| What order do buffers respond? | Chemical, respiratory, urinary. |
| Acidosis is | A blood pH of 7.34 or lower. |
| Alkalosis is | A blood pH of 7.46 or higher. |
| Acidosis and alkalosis are due to | Either respiratory imbalance or metabolic imbalance. |
| Respiratory imbalance is an imbalance in | CO2 |
| Matabolic imbalance is an imbalance in | bicarbonate. |
Created by:
bpeters
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