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WVSOM phys temp
WVSOM 1-21-09 physio temp regulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does temperature affect? | folding of proteins, membrane fluidity, rates of chemical and enzymatic reactions, osmolarity. |
| How is heat transferred from tissues/ organ to skin? | convection and conduction |
| How is heat transferred to/ from environment to/ from body? | radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction. |
| In response to cold you have activation of? | sympathetic mediated (norepi) vasoconstriction |
| In response to heat you have activation of? | sympathetic mediated (Ach) vasodilation and sweating |
| Shivering results from? | loss of negative regulatory input to the posterior hypothalamic from preoptic area, hypothalamic then sends signals to the motor neurons. |
| How does circulation respond to heat in skin? | it increases and sweating may occur |
| As a result of blood pooling in peripheral vessels and increase circulation to skin what happens to the central blood volume? | reduced |
| What compensates for the reduction in central blood volume? | decrease circulation to the splanchnic and liver |
| What is the normal body temperature? | 98.6°F; 37°C |
| Why does the body want this normal body temperature? | because it is the optimal temperature for reactions to occur in the body |
| Does the body deal with cold or heat better? | cold |
| What can elevated temperature do to proteins? | denature them |
| If you decrease the body temperature enough what can form? | ice crystals which changes the osmolarity of the tissues |
| Can change in temperature affect membrane fluidity? | yes |
| Are chemical reactions temperature sensitive? | yes their rate depends on it |
| What is the set point of the core body temperature maintained by? | hypothalamus |
| What is your set point? | your bodies thermostat |
| Is the body the same temperature everywhere including the organs? | no the organs can have different temperatures depending on how active it is and what time of day it is |
| What does the core temperature reflect? | sum of different tissues |
| What affects the core body temperature? | Time of day, Age, Exercise, Menstrual cycle |
| When is the core body temperature the lowest? | early in the morning |
| When is the core body temperature the highest? | mid day around 3 to 6 pm |
| What are some risk factors associated with dysregulation of temperature? | Age (i. e. young, old) how well the body can fight things off, Medications (i. e. anticholinergics, antiepileptics, β-blockers) , Health (i. e. level of fitness, weight, diabetes, CVD), Environment (i. e. clothing, air movement, humidity) |
| In the elderly what kinds of problems can they have in regulating body temperature? | they may have a lower muscle mass to generate the metabolic activity to generate heat, when you get older your sweat glands can atrophy so they cant cool themselves |
| Around ovulation and pregnancy how is your body temperature affected? | it goes up 3 to 5 degrees due to increased metabolic activity |
| How does fitness play a role in regulation of temperature? | if a person is more fit they can adapt to the changes in temperatures |
| How does being overweight play a role in regulation of temperature? | adipose can act as an insulator, making it hard to dissipate heat |
| How does having diabetes or heart problems play a role in regulation of temperature? | diabetes and cardiovascular disease can affect the blood flow to the peripheral blood vessels which affect dissipation of heat |
| What are some ways of transferring heat from tissue to organ? | convection and conduction |
| What is convection? | transfer of heat from tissue to blood |
| What does convection depend on? | Rate of heat production by tissue, Temperature of tissue versus temperature of blood, Rate of blood flow through tissue |
| What is conduction? | dissipation of heat directly across tissues to skin |
| Which is more affective at removing heat, conduction or convection? | convection because conduction can be inhibited by adipose tissue |
| What are some ways of transferring heat from skin to environment and visa versa? | Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation |
| What is radiation? | heat transfer between skin and objects in the environment |
| What is conduction? | transfer of heat by contact with a solid object of different temp |
| What is convection? | transfer of heat resulting from movement of a liquid or gas |
| Which is more affective at removing heat, liquid or air? | liquid |
| What are some examples of evaporation from the body? | sweat, respiration |
| The thermoreceptors in the skin is going to send axons up to? | hypothalamus which is going to integrate a response, cortex so you have a conscious response to the temperature |
| Where are thermoreceptors located? | hypothalamus, heart, pulmonary vessels, spinal cord,skin |
| How is cutaneous circulation involved in regulation of heat transfer? | by way of Sympathetic nerves, vasodilation, vasoconstriction |
| What is the name of the condition in which you have an absence or reduced number of sweat glands? | Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia |
| People with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia they cant do what? | regulate their heat from their environment or exercise because they cant perspire |
| Define Anhidrotic ectoderman dysplasia? | absence or reduced number of sweat glands cant regulate their heat from their environment or exercise through perspiration |
| What is the condition called hidromeiosis? | swelling of the skin layer that will occlude the glands, this will prevent the glands from doing their job affectively. |
| How are the Eccrine sweat glands involved in the regulation of heat transfer? | by way of Sympathetic nerves, they very numerous, but fatigue with continued exposure to heat, they increase efficiency with training |
| What is considered apical skin? | glomulus bodies found in various parts including ears, pads of fingers and toes, nail beds. |
| Explain how sympathetic fibers affect apical skin? | Vascular anastamoses have myoepithelial layers innervated by sympathetic fibers which when stimulated release norepi which causes vasoconstriction. Lack of stimulation causes passive vasodilation. |
| Explain how sympathetic fibers affect nonapical skin? | stimulation of sympathetic fibers releases norepi causing vasoconstriction in the skin thus decreasing the blood flow. Vasodilation due to stimulation of sympathetic neurons and release of Ach. Ach also stimulates eccrine sweat glands. |
| Which plays a more primary role in heat loss, apical skin or nonapical skin? | nonapical skin because it has more contact with the body |
| Where are glomus bodies located, in the apical or nonapical skin? | apical skin |
| What causes vasodialation in apical skin? | passive vasodialation due to lack of stimulation |
| What causes vasodilation in nonapical skin? | active vasodilation due to sympathetic neurons releasing Ach |
| When dealing with the thermoregulatory response what raises the core temperature is? | pyrogens that cause a raise in the set point |
| When dealing with the thermoregulatory response what lowers the core temperature is? | heat acclimatization |
| What causes an error signal in the generation of signal in thermoregulation? | core body temperature and the set point temperature vary |
| What happens when you generate an error signal in thermoregulation? | if you are in cooler temperature you will try to raise the body temp if the core is to high it will try to lower the temp by getting rid of some of the heat |
| Behavioral thermoregulation is what? | its what we are coconsciously doing to modify our body temp to the environment, exp. Seeking shade, putting on cloths, fire, air-conditioning, allows us to live where we want |
| Physiological thermoregulation is what? | allows for the fine tuning and maintain the body temp at that constant set point |
| What happens to the temperature set point during a fever? | the temperature set point changes |
| What happens to the temperature set point during exercise? | the temperature set point does not change |
| When you have a fever it increases the set point resulting in? | error signal telling the body to raise the core body temp to the new set point |
| When you exercise and get an error signal telling you that your core body temp is to high so what results? | your body tries to dissipate heat by sweating as your body temp comes back down you stop the signals |
| What happens to core body temp when you exercise? | you have an increase in the core body temp |
| How does the body respond to this increase in core body temp? | increase the heat loss hopefully so the heat loss will match the heat produced |
| What causes a fever? | pyrogens |
| What is an example of an external pyrogen and how does it cause the fever? | microbial source which Elicit immune response causing IL-1 to create an increase PGE2, PGE2 alters temperature set point |
| What is an example of an internal (endogenous) pyrogen and how does it cause the fever? | cytokines, Examples: IL-1, interferon γ, TNF, which Alters temperature set point |
| When you have an increased demand of muscle you do what to the demand of blood flow? | increased demand of blood flow. |
| Why is there strain on the bodies system when exercising? | You are generating heat because of the muscles being exercised so you increase the blood flow to the skin to get rid of the heat, which puts strain on heart |
| Which two systems are competing systems for that blood flow? | the muscle wanting the blood to work and the skin wanting the blood to dissipate heat. |
| What happens as a result of having a lot of blood in the periphery? | you reduce the blood in the core |
| Where is strain on the heart coming from when you exercise? | you increase the blood on the heart due to the increased demand |
| How does sweating cause strain on the heart when exercising? | If at the same time you are trying to regulate the temp by perspiring you are going to lose volume causing dehydration and putting a greater load on the heart |
| What is the bodies response for the increased blood flow to the skin and muscle during exercise? | It will reduce the blood flow to the splanchnic, liver and provide more of the blood to the muscle and skin |
| Sometime when you have prolonged exercise you may have damage to the intestine, why? | because your body has shunted the blood away from the intestine so the intestine starves for blood |
| How come a heat related illness occurs? | The body is unable to get rid of the heat affectively and it is unable to maintain its body temperature |
| What are some causes of heat related illnesses? | exposure to environmental heat, physical exercise, pathophysiology |
| How does exposure to environmental heat cause heat related illness? | it impeded dissipation of heat from the body |
| How does physical exercise cause heat related illness? | it increases heat production in the body |
| How does pathophysiology cause heat related illness? | cause fever, can cause fluid loss, reduce perfusion of viscera, high fever can cause tissue death |
| What does increase in body temperature result in? | increase in blood flow to the skin |
| Where does blood pool? | in warm compliant vessels |
| What can fluid loss in sweat lead to? | volume reduction |
| Reduced perfusion of viscera can lead to? | Ischemia, endotoxemia, oxidative stress |
| When you sustain high temperatures of 105F or more what can be the result? | injury to the tissues or may lead to tissue death |
| What are some mild heat related illnesses? | miliaria rubra, heat syncope, heat cramps |
| What is miliaria rubra? | heat rash – occlusion of the eccrine sweat gland ducts |
| What is heat syncope? | fainting – temporary reduction in circulation due to pooling of blood in peripheral veins |
| What is heat cramps? | skeletal muscle cramps – excessive loss of sodium in sweat |
| What are some examples of severe heat related illnesses? | heat exhaustion, heat stroke |
| What is heat exhaustion? | inability to maintain cardiac output resulting in collapse at rest or during exercise; most common; may be caused by dehydration |
| What are some symptoms of heat exhaustion? | dizziness, light headedness, weakness, nausea, cool, moist skin, dark urine; core temp. may be normal or slightly elevated (101° - 104°F) |
| What are some treatments for heat exhaustion? | apply cold compresses, have the person lie down, give fluids orally, elevate feet, use a fan to lower temperature |
| What is heatstroke? | elevated core temperature; neurological disturbances; can cause shock, organ failure, brain damage, even death |
| What are some symptoms of heatstroke? | fever (>104°F), confusion, irrational, dry, hot, red skin, rapid shallow breathing, rapid, weak pulse, seizures, unconsciousness |
| What are some types of heatstroke? | classical and exertional |
| Where is classical heatstroke seen? | seen primarily in sick, compromised individuals |
| Where is exertional heatstroke seen? | seen primarily in apparently healthy, fit individuals |
| What are some treatments of heatstroke? | protect airway, have person lie down, give fluids intravenously, elevate feet, use a fan to lower temperature, put in ice bath, apply cold compresses |
| What is Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant? | heritable disease (autosomal dominant) that causes a fever in an individual and sever muscle contractions in response to general anaesthesia |
| What could be associated with Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant? | muscular diseases |
| What is impaired in individuals with Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant and what can that impairment cause? | Control of [Ca++]i in skeletal muscle impaired in these individuals, resulting in hypermetabolism and increase in core body temp |
| What are the symptoms of Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant? | fever, muscle rigidity, dark brown urine, muscle aches |
| If left untreated what can Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant result in? | can lead to death; recurrent episodes can cause renal failure |
| What are some complications with Hyperthermia – malignant/Hyperpyrexia – malignant? | myopathy, rhbdomyolysis, renal failure, death |
| What are some types of cold related injuries? | peripheral cold injuries, hypothermia, pathophysiology |
| What is peripheral cold injuries? | injuries to extremities and exposed skin |
| What two categories can peripheral cold injuries be divided? | nonfreezing and freezing |
| What are some examples of nonfreezing peripheral cold injuries and what are they? | chilblain =localized inflammatory lesions on skin, Trench foot = cold-wet exposure, skin breakdown, nerve damage with increased sensitivity to pain |
| Give an example of a freezing peripheral cold injury? | frostbite |
| What is hypothermia? | whole body cooling |
| With pathophysiology cold related injuries exposure to cold temps can result in? | peripheral vasoconstriction, may include underlying tissues (muscle) |
| With pathophysiology cold related injuries continued reduction in body temp can result in? | lower enzyme activity, problems develop with clotting, respiration, cardiac function, cell injury and death due to ice crystal formation and change in osmolarity. |
| What is Shivering caused by? | post hypo get negative regulatory input preoptic area which comes from warmth so that input will keep the shivering response in check, when exposed to cold that input is taken out causing the shivering, you have some conscious control over shivering |
| What is frostbite? | cold damage to skin and underlying tissues |
| What parts of the body is most vulnerable to frostbite? | hands, feet, nose, ears |
| When a patient is experiencing hypothermia you need to be alert for? | frostbite |
| What will accentuate the potential for frostbite? | the use of β-blockers, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, Raynaud’s syndrome |
| What are some symptoms you may experience from frostbite? | Initial sensation will be pins and needles followed by numbness. May be throbbing and aching, followed by numbness. Blisters may form, gangrene |
| What may happen upon thawing frostbite? | burning, swelling, and reddening of the skin |
| What may happen if the skin has started to freeze? | it may be white and remain numb. |
| How do you classify mild hypothermia? | core body temp 32 - 35°C |
| What is the result of mild hypothermia? | shivering; depression of CNS (apathy, irritability confusion, lethargy) |
| How do you classify moderate hypothermia? | core body temp 28 - 32°C |
| What is the result of moderate hypothermia? | progressive CNS symptoms (ataxia, speech and gait disturbance) |
| How do you classify severe hypothermia? | core body temp <28°C |
| What is the result of severe hypothermia? | voluntary muscle movement and reflexes lost, unconsciousness, decrease in cardiac and respiratory output, muscle rigidity |
| When you warm someone with hypothermia they are susceptible to? | ventricular fibrillation, acid build up in ischemic peripheral tissues |
| What is ventricular fibrillation? | condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them tremble rather than contract properly |
| When a person is being warmed from hypothermia, what happens as a result of acid build up in ischemic peripheral tissues as blood flow is restored? | the acid load may be transferred to heart causing a transient drop in pH |
Created by:
hagerman
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