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WVSOM exercise phys
WVSOM Exercise physio lecture 1 and 2 acute CV and respiratory changes brown
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can cardiac output be increased? | heart rate, stroke volume |
| How can ventilation be increased? | frequency of breathing, tidal volume |
| What can cause some variations in physiological responses to exercise? | Repetition: Acute versus chronic, Amount of muscle mass involved, Intensity of effort, Duration of effort, Type of muscle contraction |
| What are some types of muscle contractions? | dynamic = movement, static (isometric) = no movement |
| How can dynamic exercise be quantified? | by the rate of O2 consumption |
| As the work rate increases what happens to the O2 consumption? | you have a steady increase linearly of consumption until you reach your maximum O2 consumption level. |
| What happens when you reach the max O2 consumption? | you start anaerobic exercise |
| What 3 components underlie increased VO2? | Supply by lungs, Delivery by circulation, utilization by muscles |
| What is the equation for supply? | VO2 = VE (FIO2 – FEO2) |
| What is the equation for delivery? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)= HR x SV x (a-v O2 difference) |
| What is the equation for utilization? | VO2= Q x (a-v O2 difference)- reflects O2 extraction |
| What is the ventilatory response to exercise? | It increases |
| What happens to cardiac output as oxygen use is increased? | it will increase slightly |
| When does the total ventilation increases linearly at a much faster rate? | as we exercise more and more. |
| Ventilation increases faster after? | the point of anaerobic threshold |
| When you are still able to aerobic during exercise the line for the O2 consumption? | increases linearly |
| When you get to the v max the respiratory rate? | jumps to a very fast rate for every ml of O2 that it needs |
| What happens to lactic acid in blood as you are using O2? | it increases slightly |
| What happens to the lactic acid in the blood as you reach the anaerobic threshold? | blood lactate follows the respiratory pattern it skyrockets when you reach the threshold |
| What does lactic acid do to the rise in ventilation? | it helps to increase the ventilation rate |
| How many phases are there in ventilation when you exercise? | 2 phases |
| What happens to ventilation when you start to exercise? | it goes up right away as your brain says to start exercising so it goes up in anticipation |
| When the respiratory center in your brain tells your body that you are going to start exercising to breath faster this is an example of? | Feed forward |
| What causes the slow increase in ventilation? | its thought that the body has limb mechanoreceptors or in increase in potassium may have something to do with it |
| Because you increase the PCO2 hypercapnia what happens? | you blow off CO2 |
| Does hypercapnia happen at higher exercise levels? | no you have a slight decrease in sever exercise |
| If you increase respiratory rate are you going to be short in oxygen? | no |
| Does lowering the pH acidosis cause the slow increase in ventilation? | no the pH is maintained in moderate exercise |
| What are some other things that changes in exercise? | increase in diffusing capacity up to 3X, decreased v/q inequality, and the O2 dissociation curve shifts to the right |
| How do you increase the diffusing capacity? | recruitment and distension of capillaries |
| Is diffusion limiting when exercising? | not usually |
| What happens if we shift the O2 dissociation to the right? | Less affinity for oxygen so they release faster, increased CO2 pressure gradient, increased hydrogen concentration, and increased temperature |
| What is the result of decreased V/Q inequality? | lung blood flow becomes more uniform |
| What is the co-ordinator for cardiovascular changes? | Medullary CV center, Autonomic nervous system |
| What is the equation for cardiovascular changes? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference) |
| When we do involve the sympathetics you increase what? | Calcium activation and contractility |
| What are some changes in cardiac output changes? | Heart rate increased, Stroke volume increased, have increase in cardiac output of 4-5 times |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Q = HR x SV |
| How do we increase the heart rate from rest? | initially we decrease parasympathetic tone to SA node, then we increase the sympathetic tone in heavy exercise |
| How do we increase the stroke volume? | increase in end diastolic volume (Frank starling) as you add more volume you will make the sarcomere length an optimum of 2, and increase sympathetic activation |
| At rest what length does your heart muscle work at? | less than 2 microns |
| When you increase preload you are getting the sarcomere length operation to the optimum level what happens to stroke volume? | stroke volume goes up |
| How can you decrease stroke volume? | decrease the EDV and increase the ESV |
| What happens when you decrease the volume of blood at the end of rest in your ventricle? | Shorten the sarcomeres |
| What is the first thing we do in exercise? | increase the end diostolic volume increase preload |
| How can you increase the stroke volume? | increase the EDV and decrease the ESV |
| What are some factors that affect ESV? | afterload, contractility |
| What are some factors that affect EDV? | if a heart muscle becomes stiffer, Heart rate, also preload |
| What happens to stroke volume when you increase afterload? | if you increase that pressure in the aorta more of its energy from a single squeeze has to be used so you have less energy for systemic so you decrease the stroke volume |
| What is the equation for SV? | SV = EDV - ESV |
| What increases venous return? | muscle contraction and breathing |
| What does the muscle pump do? | displaces blood from peripheral veins to central veins |
| What is the respiratory pump? | The difference of intrathoracic pressure sucks the blood into the right ventricle of the heart |
| Where is the venacava relative to the thoracic cavity? | its behind the wall of the thorax, the central veins see as if they have almost the same negative pressure measured inside the lung. |
| What is the net effect of the muscle pump and respiratory pump? | increased venous return and increased filling pressure and EDV |
| What happens to the muscle O2 extraction in exercise? | it increases |
| What happens to the A-V O2 difference when you increase the muscle O2 extraction? | it increases |
| What is the equation for VO2? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference) |
| What do we have at the capillary muscle level in exercise? | We have vasodilation and capillary recruitment in active muscle |
| Do we have systemic redistribution of blood in exercise? | yes |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the splanchnic? | 1400ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Renal? | 1100ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Brain? | 750ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Coronary? | 250ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the skeletal muscle? | 1200ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the skin? | 500ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood at rest in the other? | 600ml/min |
| What is the total volume of blood circulation at rest? | 5800ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise the splanchnic? | 300ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Renal? | 900ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Brain? | 750ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Coronary? | 1000ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the skeletal muscle? | 22000ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the skin? | 600ml/min |
| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the other? | 100ml/min |
| What is the total volume of blood circulation during heavy exercise ? | 25650ml/min |
| What is the percentage of blood circulation at rest in the splanchnic? | 24% |
| What is the percentage of blood circulation during heavy exercise in the splanchnic? | 1% |
| What is the percentage of blood circulation during heavy exercise in skeletal muscle? | 86% |
| What is the percentage of blood circulation at rest in the skeletal muscle? | 21% |
| How is blood redistributino achieved? | through vasoconstriction |
| When you increase sympathetic outflow what happens? | you get vasoconstriction |
| Where is sympatetic outflow increased during exercise? | Inactive muscle, Splanchnic circulation, Renal circulation, Cutaneous circulation |
| Which circulation shows the greatest reduction in blood flow during exercise? | splanchnic |
| What causes vasodilation in active muscle? | Local Chemical factors & metabolites |
| what are some examples of Local Chemical factors & metabolites ? | Bradykinin, Prostaglandins, Adenosine, Lactic acid, Carbon Dioxide, Nitric oxide |
| Where are the receptors for one or more of the chemical factors or metabolites located? | in the smooth muscle surrounding the capillaries |
| What aids the muscle in O2 extraction? | vasodilation and capillary recruitment |
| What does muscle O2 extraction involve? | diffusion of O2 from capillary |
| Where does the O2 extraction take place? | mitochondria |
| What does Fick’s Law determine? | rate of diffusion |
| What is the Fick’s Law equation? | VO2 = DM . (PCAP – PMITO), DM combines area, solubility, MW, Diffusion distance |
| What is the result of vasodilation and capillary recruitment? | you get a decrease in diffusion distance because more cells are actively flushing their supply which leads to increased O2 volume |
| Why does mean blood pressure only raise slightly when exercising? | vasodilation |
| What is the equation for Blood pressure? | BP = CO x TPR |
| What happens to blood pressure during exercise? | it goes up a little bit but not dramatically |
| The difference between sistolic and diastolic pressure is? | Pulse pressure |
| What happens to blood pressure in dynamic exercise? | you only get a small increase in mean blood pressure |
| What must total peripheral resistance (TPR) be doing if blood pressure is only going up a little bit? | it is dramatically dropping |
| In static exercise vasodilation is more or less of an influence in blood pressure? | less influence |
| Can muscle receptors contribute to cardiovascular changes? | yes |
| What type of muscle recpetors are involved in cardiovascular changes? | metaboreceptors, mechanoreceptors |
| What are metaboreceptors sensitive to? | metabolic environment |
| What group does the metaboreceptors belong to? | group 4 the sensory afferents |
| What can metaboreceptors cause a large increase in? | sympathetic outflow |
| What do mechanoreceptors sense? | mechanical environment |
| What group does the mechanoreceptors belong to? | group 3 sensory afferents |
| What is the function of the barorecetors resetting during exercise? | reduce HR when BP is increased |
| What affect does exercise have on baroreceptors? | Baroreceptors reset to higher blood pressures, The baroreflex becomes less ‘potent’ |
| What limits VO2 MAX? | Limited O2 delivery by the circulation,VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference) |
| What is VO2? | rate of O2 consumption |
| How does it change on exercise? | increases linearly with work rate up to Vo2 max |
| What mechanisms are involved? | increased ventilation, increased cardiac output, increased muscle O2 extraction |
| What is the main limiting factor on VO2 max? | cardiac output |
| As maximum Q increases what happens to VO2 max? | increases |
| When does the lung limit VO2 max? | during severe exercise in athletes |
| When does exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occur? | decrease in saturation of O2 close to VO2 max |
| How do you over come exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occur? | by breathing higher O2 |
| During excessive respiratory muscle work, how much VO2 can be consumed? | up to 10-16% |
| Oxygen can help only when? | oxygen saturation is depressed |
| Can muscle oxygen extraction limit VO2 max? | it can have some limiting factor |
| What does oxygen extraction depend on before it becomes limiting? | rate of O2 diffusion from capillary to mitochondria (fick’s law) |
| What can be accomplished with training? | you increase the number of muscle diffusive capacity by increasing the number of capillaries which results in an increase in VO2 max |
| What parameter is normally the main limitation on VO2 MAX? | cardiac output |
| What factors affect exercise performance? | Muscle fatigue, Anaerobic threshold, VO2 MAX, Gender, Age |
| Muscle fatigue can limit? | exercise performance |
| What does onset of muscle fatigue depend on? | Fiber type, Accumulation of K+, lactate, increase in hydrogen concentration causing Reduction of pH, Depletion of glycogen, PCr |
| When does exhaustion occur more rapidly? | nearer the VO2 max |
| What is exhaustion curve dependent on? | anaerobic threshold |
| Is the VO2 max a perfect predictor of exercise performance? | no |
| What does performance additionally depend on? | Mechanical efficiency, Endurance at high VO2 rates, Anaerobic threshold |
| Structure between the bone length and bone masses and the amount of energy being used to maintain the upper body is an example of what? | mechanical efficiency |
| Endurances at high VO2 rates are somewhat affected by? | psychological, how much heart, how much pain you can tolerate |
| In women on average what is their VO2 max compared to males? | 8-12% lower |
| What are some other differences in exercise performance in females compared to males? | decrease in muscle mass and increase in body fat, also women have a lower hemoglobin level |
| Is power output for the same VO2 different in males and females? | no |
| How do women acieve the same power output? | they require working at a higher % of VO2 max |
| Does AT occur in women at lower or higher power outputs? | lower |
| At any age what is the difference in the sedentary and the endurance athelete? | their VO2 max is not the same |
| Does VO2 max increase or decrease with age? | decrease |
| What will exercise do for a sedentary 60 year old? | will increase the VO2 max |
| Jimmy and Bob have the same VO2 MAX, but Jimmy can run for longer when exercising maximally. Why? | jimmy has a higher anaerobic threshold |
| How does increase in VO2 max lead to increased resistance fatigue? | increase in lactate threshold |
| Is the respiratory system changed or unchanged by training? | mostly unchanged |
| Does training increase or decrease VO2 max? | increase |
| What are the cardiovascular effects of training? | Maximal Q is increased, Resting HR is lowered but maximal HR is unchanged, Maximal SV increases, Modest reduction in BP |
| What is the equation for VO2 max? | VO2 MAX = HROPT x SVOPT x (a-v O2 difference)MAX |
| What happens when you increase the water content of plasma? | increase stroke volume and EDV but reduces hematocrit |
| What is sports anemia? | it is reduced hematocrit |
| What do new capillaries and oxidative enzymes do to O2 extractions? | it enhances O2 extraction |
| What happens to a-v O2 difference with training? | it increases slightly |
| Increase in O2 extraction by muscle causes what? | growth of new capillaries and increase oxidative enzymes |
| What does growth of new capillaries do? | it decreases the diffusion distance and increases muscle blood flow |
| What does an increase in oxidative enzymes cause? | an increase in oxygen pressure gradient and increase in rate of oxygen diffusion |
| How can training cause muscle hyprotrophy in dynamic exercise? | you get enlarged ventricles and eccentric hypertrophy in the heart |
| How can training cause muscle hyprotrophy in static exercise? | you get thickened ventricles and concentric hypertrophy in the heart |
| In skeletal muscle hyperplasia is what? | increased number of fibers |
| In skeletal muscle hypertrophy is what? | increased size of fibers, you get eccentric contractions |
Created by:
hagerman
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