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thermoregulation
WVSOM -- Physiology -- Thermoregulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the set point for the core body temperature? | hypothalamus |
| How is core temperature determined? | reflects sum of different tissues |
| What affects core body temperature? | time of day, age, exercise and menstrual cycle |
| What are the 4 risk factors associated with dysregulation of temperature? | age, medications, health, environment |
| What is normal body temperature? | 37 C |
| What does elevated temperatures do to proteins? | denatures |
| What will a decrease in temperature lead to? | ice crystal formation |
| Rates of chemical reactions are ____________ sensitive. | temperature |
| What is convection with the body generating heat? | transfer of heat from tissue to blood |
| What is conduction with the body generating heat? | dissipation of heat directly across tissues to skin |
| What are the two ways heat is transferred from tissue/organ generating heat? | convection and conduction |
| What 3 things determines convection? | rate of heat production by tissue, temperature of tissue versus temperature of blood, rate of blood flow thru tissue |
| What 4 ways is heat transferred from the skin to environment (and vice versa)? | radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation |
| What is radiation? | heat transfer between skin and objects in environment |
| What is evaporation concerning the body? | sweat, respiration |
| Where are the thermoreceptors? | hypothalamus, heart, pulmonary vessels, spinal cord and skin |
| What is anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia? | low amount of sweat glands |
| What regulates heat transfer in the cutaneous circulation? | sympathetic nerves which vasodilate and vasoconstrict |
| What controls eccrine sweat glands? | sympathetic nerves |
| What happens to eccrine sweat glands with continued exposure to heat? | fatigue |
| What is hidromeiosis? | A decline in the rate of sweating during exposure to heat, especially that from warm baths. |
| What happens with heat regulation in fever? | temperature set point changes |
| What is the difference between fever vs. exercise? | Temperature set point changes in fever whiel in exercise there is no change in temperature set point |
| What are the two csues of fever resulting from pyrogens? | external and endogenous |
| What is an external source of pyrogen fever? | microbial source |
| What alters temperature set point? | PGE2 |
| What is the enogenous cause of pyrogen fever? | cytokines; IL-1 and interfernon gamma, TNF |
| What is the cardiovascular strain due to heat? | There is peripheral pooling of blood which causes increased work on the heart. There will also be water loss which will further reduce central volume and cause a greater load on the heart. |
| What three things cause heat-related illnesses? | exposure to environmental heat, physical exercise and pathophysiologic causes |
| What will exposure to environmental heat do? | impede dissipation of heat |
| Why will physical exercise cuase heat-related illnesses? | increase heat production |
| What are pathologic causes of heat-related illnesses? | increase in body temperature causes inc. blood flow to skin, blood pools in warm, compliant vessels; fluid loss in sweat leads to volume reduction, reduced perfusion of viscera and high temperatures can result in injury and can lead to tissue death. |
| What are severe heat-related illnesses? | heat exhaustion and heat stroke |
| What are 3 mild forms of heat-related illnesses? | miliaria rubra, heat syncope and heat cramps |
| What is miliaria rubra? | heat rash – occlusion of eccrine sweat gland ducts |
| What is heat syncope? | fainting due to temporary reduction in circulation due to pooling of blood in peripheral veins |
| What are heat cramps? | skeletal muscle cramps – excessive loss of sodium in sweat |
| What is heat exhaustion? | inability to maintain cardiac output resulting in collapse at reast or during exercise; most common causes often by dehydration |
| What are symptoms of heat exhaustion? | dizziness, light headedness, weakness, nausea, cool, moist skin, dark urine, core temp normal or slightly elevated (101-104) |
| What is heatstroke? | elevated core temperature; neurological disturbances; can cause shock, organ failure, brain damage, death |
| What is classical heatstroke? | seen in primarily in sick, compromised indivicuals |
| What is exertional heat stroke? | seen primarily in apparently healthy, fit individuals |
| What are symptoms of heat stroke? | fever > 104; confusion, irrational, dry, hot, red sckin, rapid shallow breathing, rapid, weak pulse, seizures and unconsciousness |
| What is malignant hyperthermia? | heritable disease that causes a fever in an individual and servre muscle contractions in response to general anaesthesia |
| What are peripheral cold injuries? | extermities and exposed skin injuries |
| What are chilblains? | localized inflammatory lesions on skin |
| What is trench foot? | cold-wet exposure, skin breakdown and nerve damage (inc. sensitivity to pain) |
| What are the non freezing cold injuries? | cilblains and trench foot |
| What is a freezing injury? | frostbite |
| What potentiates frostbite? | use of beta blockers, pvd, dm, peripheral neuroptathy, raynaud’s syndrome |
Created by:
tjamrose
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