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Civics and Economics
Exam Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Direct Democracy | all citizens participate in government, citizens vote on everything, all citizens can create public policy, no representatives |
| Representative Democracy | all citizens participate in government, elected representatives vote on laws, answer through regular elections, held accountable by constitution |
| Autocracy | control by one person, monarchy (inherited power) or dictatorship (power gained by force) |
| Oligarchy | control by a group of people, power gained in many ways, comes from or leads to other types of government, theocracy (god/religious law, may be auto or oli) |
| Anarchy | no government, no one to make or enforce laws |
| United States Government | Representative Democracy |
| Preamble Purpose | to state the purpose of the constitution |
| Constitution Purpose | to set a foundation of legal authority, organizes government |
| Articles of Confederation | written by the Continental Congress approved by all state that split the between the national and state governments, majority of power to the states and congress had trouble raising money, couldn’t tax people, and couldn’t settle trade disputes |
| Federalists | liked the constitution, balance of power was good, believed central government wasn’t to strong, tried to convince people to like the constitution |
| Antifederalists | didn’t like the new constitution, balance of power is not good, believed there was too strong of a national government, wanted a bill of rights added to ensure basic freedoms |
| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments of the constitution that guarantee the basic rights and freedoms of citizens |
| Constitutional Amendments | additions to the constitution that be changed, added, or ratified as the country grows and changes, which has been useful to society as it grows and changes over time |
| Public Policy | the actions of government to address society’s needs |
| Problem Identification | placing the item on the agenda so that policy makers will begin to formulate a policy regarding that issue |
| Agenda Setting | deciding which problems the government will address |
| Policy Formulation | developing policy proposals to resolve problems and building support |
| Policy Adoption | turning proposed policy into action by the government, in the form of a bill or ordinance |
| Policy Implementation | making sure the policy is carried out as intended |
| Policy Evaluation | assessing whether or not the policy is achieving what it was supposed to do |
| Importance of Following Public Policy Steps | to ensure that the best possible policy for everyone is developed and to ensure that it is successful and effective during and after the development process |
| Political Party and Their Purpose | a group of people who share the same beliefs when it comes to government, to nominate as many candidates from their party as possible in order for those people to carry out the goals of their party. |
| Political Party System of the US | two-party system |
| Third Parties | promotes ideas that have been debated, ideas have been adopted by other parties, bring attention to certain issues, may fuse to form one out of two or take ideas from other parties |
| Multi-Party Systems | three or more parties fighting for power, one rarely gains enough support, parties must work together, government may become unstable because of so much competition |
| Democratic Party | federal government should be more directly involved in regulating the economy and providing housing, income, education, and jobs for the poor |
| Republican Party | if they help the economy grow, poor people have a better chance of finding jobs on their own, less government regulation on the economy as the best way to promote growth of production |
| Campaigning | raising money, informing voters, gaining support, making sure party members are registered to vote and making sure party members do vote |
| How a Bill Becomes a Law | written, standing, sub, possibly house rules, the floor, if passed, onto the other house, repeat same steps, possibly to conference if passed in both, the president, if not signed, back to the floor |
| Standing Committee | permanent, made up of members from the same house, all members serve on at least once |
| Joint Committee | members of both parties and houses, addresses issues faced by both houses, do not have the ability to create new legislation |
| Conference Committee | joint committee that reconciles differences between the house and senate versions of a bill |
| Special/Select Committee | as-needed, created in one congress and not re-created, temporary and gone once task is done |
| Bicameral Vs. Unicameral | bicameral is congress made up of two parts, unicameral is congress made up of one part |
| Gerrymandering | the manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor one party or class, to ensure one party or class a win in a certain election |
| Congress Lawmaking Power Given By... | the constitution |
| Voter ID law | a law that would require all voters in NC to provide an appropriate photo ID to voting officials when voting in order to prove their identification, the law would also shorten the early voting period |
| disenfranchise | the action of taking away ones right to vote |
| Democratic View on Voter ID | feel that it disenfranchises some minority groups that may be unable to get the correct forms of ID |
| Republican View on Voter ID | feel that it is necessary to avoid voter fraud, also feel that voter fraud happens more than the times that people are caught |
| Duties | something you are required to do by law (pay taxes, obey laws, defend nation, serve in court, go to school, etc.) |
| Responsibilities | something you should do (be informed, speak up and vote, respect other’s rights, contribute to the common good, etc.) |
| Volunteerism | the act of working or helping out without expecting or receiving pay |
| Qualifications to Vote | 18 years or older, a citizen of the US, etc. |
| Naturalization Process | must be 18+ years old, lived in the US for at least 5+ years, have good character, speak english, pass a civics test and an interview, take an oath of allegiance, if served in military, process is sped up |
| Qualifications of CItizenship | born in the US, parents are citizens, or naturalization |
| HeLa Cells | the only known cell that lives and reproduces outside of the human body |
| John Moore Cells | he had special white blood cells that could be used to research cancer and other medical things, lack of informed consent and the cells came from his body therefore they were his property |
| HeLa and John Moore Comparisons | lack of informed consent, patients/families were not given info about use of cells, and some people made a lot of money. |
| Common Law | based on concept of precedent and overruling precedent, critical to the understanding of law |
| Criminal Law | punishment for crimes, enforced by the government, misdemeanors, felonies, etc. |
| Civil Law | disputes between individuals, one wrongs another and they are required to pay money to the victim, not a crime, includes torts, suing, and wills |
| Constitutional Law | anything having to do with the interpretation of the constitution, aka whether to interpret the text literally or interpreted as the country changes |
| Administrative Law | government agencies, rule-making and adjudication, makes rules to regulate industries and carries them out |
| Statutory Law | passed by legislature, begin as bills, covers a wide variety of areas, if unconstitutional, they can be struck down by the supreme court |
| International Law | any law having to do with more that one country, aka trade agreements, treaties, etc. |
| Civil Procedure | dispute, complaint, defendant chooses to ignore, dismiss, or answer. both sides find info in depositions/interrogations, summary judgement or arbitration. trial, jury selection, openings, rebuttals, and closings, 51% jury decision. announced, appeal. |
| Criminal Procedure | crime, investigation, and charges. processed then defendant, grand jury determines to indict. prosecutor to grand jury. pleads, plea bargaining, trial. same process as civil but jury unanimous and ‘beyond a reasonable doubt.’ announced, defendant appeal. |
| Traditional Economy | tradition and custom govern economic decisions, centered toward family/tribe, resources are based on inheritance, little to no technology, based on environment, farming, hunting, and gathering are done the same as the generation before |
| Command Economy | government makes all economic decisions, individuals have little to no influence, resources are owned by government, no competition, quotas are important, government sets prices, individuals have little to no choice in the marketplace |
| Market Economy | economic decisions made by individuals, competition to earn profit, resources owned by individuals, profit is the motive to increase work, supply and demand decides prices, individual freedom is important, aka capitalist |
| Mixed Economy | combines market and command systems, government guides and regulates production, resources are owned by the individuals, government protects producers and consumers from unfair policies/practices |
| Supply and Demand Curves/Axis | y-axis shows price always, x-axis shows quantity always |
| Shift in Demand Curve | buyers (change in number of consumers), income (change in consumer’s income), tastes (preference or popularity), expectations (change in what is expected to happen), and related goods (complements/substitutes) (BITER) |
| Shift in Supply Curve | subsidies/taxes (either lowers/raises cost), technology (productivity), other goods (prices of goods), # of sellers (sellers are in the market), expectations (future prices/economic), and resource costs (increase/decrease cost to produce) (STONER) |
| Surpluses | the quantity supplied is more than the demand, aka the price is too high, sellers will lower their prices to sell their goods |
| Shortages | the quantity demanded is more than what is supplied, aka the price is too low, sellers will raise their prices to sell their goods |
| Market Equilibrium | where supply and demand are balanced, neither a surplus or a shortage, the price is adjusted to achieve equilibrium price |
| Business Motive | make a profit |
| Why Trade Barriers are Used | protect domestic suppliers, not have to rely on foreign producers during wartime, develop new and struggling industries, may use barriers as a threat, etc. |
| Comparative Advantage | opportunity cost is lower in one good than another |
| Quotas | a limit on the amount of goods that can be imported |
| Tariffs | a tax put on goods imported from abroad |
| Globalization | the global exchange of goods, services, and capital but also of information, ideas, and people |
| Mismanaging Checking Account | you may bounce checks, which can cause major fees and ruin your credit, and possibly your account getting shut down |
| Credit | ruin your credit by not paying bills on time or mismanaging your checking account, debit, or credit cards. improve your credit by paying all bills on time and managing your checking account, debit, and credit cards correctly and carefully |
| Predatory Lending | unfair loan practices that target people and convinces that person to accept unfair terms for a loan they do not need or cannot afford |
Created by:
averyh10
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