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physio lab exp#11
Systemic Respiration and Spirometry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory system includes what? | all organs involved in the delivery and exchange of gases between the air and the blood. |
| Respiratory system: passages | conduct/deliver air to the lungs |
| Respiratory system: lungs | where gas exchange takes place |
| air enters through the _____ ________ | nasal cavity |
| The nasal passage: The anterior portion, the vestibule, has hairs (cilia) that do what? | filter debris from the air you inspire |
| The nasal passage: Goblet cells, embedded in the nasal epithelium, do what? | secrete mucus to filter the air. |
| The nasal passage: 3 basic functions | Filtration of airborne particles/pathogens, Warms the air, and Humidifies the air. |
| Pharynx (throat) | The cavity behind nasal passages and the mouth |
| What is unique about the pharynx? | it is the anatomical region belonging to both the respiratory and digestive systems. |
| Breathing and swallowing must be coordinated by the ________. | epiglottis |
| Larynx | called "voice box" because it houses the vocal cords (Air enters the larynx and causes the vocal cords to vibrate, contributing to the formation of sounds) |
| Trachea | called "windpipe" because it is a continuation of your air passage between your larynx and the bronchi. |
| What is the trachea lined with? | a ciliated mucous membrane |
| What does the trachea consist of? | a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings attached by connective tissue. |
| the internal ridge where the trachea bifurcates into the left and right bronchi is called the _______ | Carina |
| The trachea divides into right and left _________ ______. (Right is shorter, wider, more vertical) | primary bronchi |
| The Right primary bronchi branches into _#_ secondary bronchi, each supplying one of the three lobes of the right lung | three |
| The Left primary bronchi branches into _#_ secondary bronchi, each supplying one of the two lobes of the left lung | 2 |
| The secondary bronchi branch into the tertiary bronchi and the tertiary bronchi branch into the ________ | bronchioles |
| What do the bronchioles give rise to? | the alveoli, the actual site of gas exchange. |
| The lungs are bilaterally asymmetrical. why? | the left lung is missing the intermediate lobe |
| Developmental cues disallow the left lung from growing earlier than the right and thus prevents the development of the intermediate lobe. Why? | to leave room in the thorax for the heart |
| alveoli | Balloon-like air sacs at terminating end of bronchioles |
| the walls of the alveoli consist of two types of cells: | Squamous pulmonary epithelial cells, and Pneumocytes II(Septal Cells) |
| Pneumocytes II (Septal Cells) are interspersed between the squamous pulmonary epithelial cells, and produce a substance called surfactant. What is surfactant and what does it do? | it's an oily substance which reduces surface tension in the alveoli, keeping them moist during expansion and recoil of the lungs. |
| The lungs are covered in two membranous layers called ______. | pleura |
| What are these two pleura? | visceral pleura and parietal pleura |
| Visceral pleura does what? | covers and adheres to the lungs tightly |
| Parietal pleura does what? | adheres to the thoracic wall and the diaphragm |
| In between the layers is a cavity called the pleural cavity. The cavity is fluid-filled for what two purposes? | lubrication during respiratory movements and acts as a cushion during the respiratory process |
| Respiration mechanics: Air is moved in and out of the lungs by changing the volume of the lungs, thereby changing the __________ in your lungs relative to atmospheric (~760 mmHg) to move air as desired. | pressure |
| Respiration mechanics: if the lung volume is decreased, then the air pressure is... | air pressure is higher in the lungs than in the atmosphere and air moves out of the lungs |
| Respiration mechanics: if the lung volume is increased, then the air pressure is... | air pressure is lower in the lungs than in the atmosphere and air is pulled into the lungs |
| Respiration mechanics: during inspiration, the rib cage moves ______ and the diaphragm moves _______ | out, down |
| Respiration mechanics: during expiration, the rib cage moves ______ and the diaphragm moves _______ | in, up |
| Respiration mechanics: The muscles involved are usually the ________ and the __________ muscles, which raise the ribs and push the sternum out | diaphragm and the intercostal muscles |
| Respiration mechanics: Inspiration causes the intercostal muscles to _____. There's an increase in volume and decrease in pressure resulting in air being pulled in | relax |
| Respiration mechanics: Expiration causes the intercostal muscles _______. There's a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure resulting in air being pushed out | contract |
| “traumatic” pneumothorax | air escapes into the pleural space due to a leak or puncture wound; lung collapses and compromises breathing. |
| “spontaneous” pneumothorax | the lung collapses without a traumatic episode to the lung. |
| pneumothorax is a medical emergency! they cannot breath and cyanosis begins rapidly. How is this helped? | a bore needle us used to decompress the pleural cavity |
| Spirometer | an instrument used to measure lung respiratory volumes and capacities. |
| the spirometer utilizes a HEPA filter and mouthpiece. What does HEPA stand for? | High Efficiency Particulate Air filter |
| Lung capacities: Tidal Volume (TV) | the volume of air that moves in and out during normal breathing |
| Lung capacities: Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation. |
| Lung capacities: Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation. |
| Lung capacities: Residual volume (RV) | the amount of air that remains in the lungs after complete exhalation. |
| Lung capacities: Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal quiet exhalation |
| Lung capacities: What is the formula for IC? | IC = (TV + IRV) |
| Lung capacities: Vital Capacity (VC) | The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inhalation. |
| Lung capacities: What is the formula for VC? | VC = (ERV + IRV + TV) or VC = (ERV + IC) |
| Lung capacities: Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | maximum amount of air contained in the lung after maximum inhalation. |
| Lung capacities: What is the formula for TLC? | TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV or TLC = RV + VC |
| Blood-Buffer System: The Carbonic acid-bicarbonate Buffering system maintains physiological blood pH: | ~7.4 |
| Blood-Buffer System: What's the difference between how O2 and CO2 move through the blood? | O2 needs a carrier to coordinate it in your red blood cells; CO2 diffuses freely into the blood and consequently the blood plasma |
| Blood-Buffer System: CO2 is combined with H2O to form what? | carbonic acid, H2CO3 |
| Blood-Buffer System: Enzyme that carries out this reaction is what? | carbonic anhydrase |
| Blood-Buffer System: H2CO3 can dissociate in blood plasma depending on cellular needs. What would it dissociate into? | bicarbonate (HCO3-) and protons (H+) |
| Blood-Buffer System: This reaction thus mediates the amount of dissolved ___ | [H+]. |
| Blood-Buffer System: There is no net gain in [H+], what does this mean for the pH in the blood? | the pH is maintained in the blood. |
| Blood-Buffer System: What happens when the blood is too acidic? [H+] too high in plasma? | the H+ will bind with the bicarbonate to form carbonic acid. This favors the forward reaction. H+ + HCO3- --> H2CO3 |
| Blood-Buffer System: What happens when the blood is too basic? [H+] too low in plasma? | the carbonic acid will dissociate to produce more H+. This favors the reverse reaction. H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3- |
| Respiratory Terms: Hyperpnea | Increased breathing |
| Respiratory Terms: Hypopnea | Decreased breathing |
| Respiratory Terms: Dyspnea | Difficult breathing |
| Respiratory Terms: Apnea | Absence of breathing |
| Respiratory Terms: Hypoventilation results in the _________ of CO2 and thus an excessive accumulation of carbonic acid causing a _____ in blood pH called respiratory ______ | retention, fall, acidosis |
| Respiratory Terms: Hyperventilation results in the excessive __________ of CO2 and thus in low carbonic acid and a ____ in pH called respiratory ______ | elimination, rise, alkalosis |
| There are (3) respiration centers of the brain: | Medullary Rhythmicity Center (MRC), Pneumotaxic Center (PC), and Apneustic Center (AC) |
| Medullary Rhythmicity Center (MRC) does what? | controls the incidence and depth of breathing |
| Pneumotaxic Center (PC) does what? | regulates the rate of breathing |
| Apneustic Center (AC) does what? | plays a role in prolonged respiration |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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