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physio lab exp#10
The Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electrocardiogram ECG: | a noninvasive recording produced by an electrocardiographic device: a transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes; |
| Conduction of the Heart: Impulses are initiated by what? | the Sinoatrial Node in the upper right atrium. (Cells from this region are referred to as “pacemaker” cells) |
| Conduction of the Heart: As it passes to the ___________ Node, both atria contract; the signal is checked | Atrioventricular (There is a slight delay at the AV node) |
| Conduction of the Heart: The impulse is passed to the where? it then divides into left and right Bundle branches. | Bundle of His |
| Conduction of the Heart: Once it reaches the apex of the heart, it passes through the what? | Purkinje Fibers |
| Conduction of the Heart: passing through the purkinje fibers causes what? | the ventricles to contract |
| Components of the EKG: the P wave represents what? | the spread of electrical activity over the atria after the initial depolarization of the SA node. |
| Components of the EKG: the QRS complex represents what? | the spread of depolarization through the ventricular musculature plus a small amount of atrial repolarization; occurs simultaneously |
| Components of the EKG: the T wave represents what? | the repolarization of the ventricular musculature |
| Components of the EKG: the U wave is thought to represent what? | repolarization of the papillary muscles or Purkinje fibers |
| Components of the EKG: When does the U wave occur? | after the T wave |
| Components of the EKG: A negative (inverted) U wave is seen in individuals with ____________ | hypertension. |
| Components of the EKG: An inverted U wave after exercise is seen in individuals with _________ _______ ___________ | coronary artery obstruction. |
| Components of the EKG: the PR interval is the time from... | the beginning of one P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex |
| Components of the EKG: What does the PR interval represent? | the beginning of atrial and ventricular depolarization |
| Components of the EKG: the QT interval is the time from... | the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave |
| Components of the EKG: What does the QT interval represent? | ventricular depolarization and repolarization. |
| Components of the EKG: ST segment is the time from... | the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave |
| Components of the EKG: What happens during the ST segment? | early ventricular repolarization is beginning very slowly. |
| Cardiac Cycle: | one complete heartbeat during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax. |
| the time the cardiac cycle occurs is from the beginning of the first __ wave to the beginning of the next __ wave | P |
| heart valves insure what? | ensure that blood flows unidirectionally from atria to ventricles. |
| there are two types of heart valves: | 1. Atrioventricular 2. Semilunar |
| What are the two atrioventricular valves? | tricuspid valve and bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| the tricuspid valve is located where? | between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| the bicuspid (mitral) valve is located where? | between the left atrium and left ventricle |
| What are the two semilunar valves? | aortic valve and pulmonary valve |
| Aortic valve guards which opening? | the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Pulmonary valve guards which opening? | the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
| What are two types of heart murmurs? | stenosis and incompetence |
| heart murmur: Stenosis | narrowing or stiffening of the heart valves |
| when one of your valves is stenosed or narrowed, what happens to your blood flow and heart? | there is resistance to your blood flow and your heart has to work harder to get blood through it |
| heart murmur: Incompetence | the valves do not close completely |
| an incompetent valve causes your heart to do what? | pump more blood than before because a proportion regurgitates back into your heart |
| Heart murmurs can be “innocent,” showing no symptoms to mild chest pain they can also be “severe,” showing signs of what? | fatigue, shortness of breath, coughing, irregular heartbeats, or syncopic episodes (the murmur may need to be surgically corrected.) |
| What does a heart murmur sound like? | lub dub swish |
| Blood Flow: deO2 blood from SYSTEMIC circulation arrives where? | inferior/superior vena cava |
| Blood Flow: deO2 blood from SYSTEMIC circulation arrives where? | inferior/superior vena cava |
| Blood Flow: the blood then flows through the ________ valve into the right ventricle; deO2 blood | tricuspid |
| Blood Flow: the deO2 blood then enters what? | the right ventricle |
| Blood Flow: then, the blood flows into the pulmonary trunk through the ________ valve; deO2 blood | pulmonary |
| Blood Flow: the blood then flows through the ________ valve into the right ventricle; deO2 blood | tricuspid |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the _________ ______ in route to the lungs | pulmonary arteries |
| Blood Flow: then, the blood flows into the pulmonary trunk through the ________ valve; deO2 blood | pulmonary |
| Blood Flow: What is unique about the pulmonary artery? | it is the ONLY artery that carries deO2 blood |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the _________ ______ in route to the lungs | pulmonary arteries |
| Blood Flow: O2 and CO2 exchange occur in the ________ of the lungs | alveoli |
| Blood Flow: What is unique about the pulmonary artery? | it is the ONLY artery that carries deO2 blood |
| Blood Flow: Blood returns back to the heart through the __________ _____ | pulmonary vein |
| Blood Flow: O2 and CO2 exchange occur in the ________ of the lungs | alveoli |
| Blood Flow: The pulmonary vein contains what kind of blod? | OXYGENATED blood! |
| Blood Flow: Blood returns back to the heart through the __________ _____ | pulmonary vein |
| Blood Flow: the oxygenated blood then enters what? | the left atrium |
| Blood Flow: The pulmonary vein contains what kind of blod? | OXYGENATED blood! |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the _______ valve into the left ventricle; O2 | bicuspid, (mitral) |
| Blood Flow: the oxygenated blood then enters what? | the left atrium |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the ______ valve in route to the systemic circulation; O2 | aortic |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the _______ valve into the left ventricle; O2 | bicuspid, (mitral) |
| Blood Flow: Then what? | they cycle begins again |
| Blood Flow: Blood flows through the ______ valve in route to the systemic circulation; O2 | aortic |
| There is no mixing of blood in the heart due to what? | the systemic and pulmonary circuits |
| Blood Flow: Then what? | they cycle begins again |
| Normal Sinus Rhythm: | normal heartbeat; heart rate = 60-100 bpm |
| There is no mixing of blood in the heart due to what? | the systemic and pulmonary circuits |
| Normal Sinus Rhythm: | normal heartbeat; heart rate = 60-100 bpm |
| In athletes _________ may be normal! | bradycardia |
| Sinus Tachycardia: | fast heartbeat; more QRS complexes seen; heart rate = 100-160 bpm |
| Atrial Fibrillation: | atria are very irritable causing them to depolarize, (quiver), rapidly and repeatedly. |
| Sinus Bradycardia: | slow heartbeat; less QRS complexes seen; heart rate = or <60 bpm |
| Atrial Fibrillation: The atrial rhythm is chaotic and immeasurable; Characteristic findings are the absence of __ waves, with unorganized electrical activity in their place. | P |
| In athletes _________ may be normal! | bradycardia |
| Atrial Fibrillation: Electrical _________ is used to restore normal sinus rhythm using defibrillator paddles. | cardioversion |
| Atrial Fibrillation: | atria are very irritable causing them to depolarize, (quiver), rapidly and repeatedly. |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: | a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly |
| Atrial Fibrillation: The atrial rhythm is chaotic and immeasurable; Characteristic findings are the absence of __ waves, with unorganized electrical activity in their place. | P |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: ECG components show an irregular, undulating baseline without any electrical evidence of what? | organized ventricular activity. |
| Atrial Fibrillation: Electrical _________ is used to restore normal sinus rhythm using defibrillator paddles. | cardioversion |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: Life and death medical emergency! The condition can often be reversed by cardioversion using defibrillator paddles but is not always successful. What two things may develop? | Cyanosis and ischemia develop. |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: | a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly |
| cyanosis | A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: ECG components show an irregular, undulating baseline without any electrical evidence of what? | organized ventricular activity. |
| ischemia | a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). |
| Ventricular Fibrillation: Life and death medical emergency! The condition can often be reversed by cardioversion using defibrillator paddles but is not always successful. What two things may develop? | Cyanosis and ischemia develop. |
| Blood pressure | The pressure exerted by the blood on the interior walls of vessels |
| cyanosis | A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood |
| Blood pressure is measured with a Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer. What does this measure? | the direct pressure of the brachial artery in mmHg. |
| ischemia | a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). |
| reading blood pressure: the _______ is the numerator and the ________ is the denominator | systolic, diastolic |
| Blood pressure | The pressure exerted by the blood on the interior walls of vessels |
| Blood pressure is measured with a Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer. What does this measure? | the direct pressure of the brachial artery in mmHg. |
| Blood Pressure: systole | ventricular contraction (numerator) |
| Blood Pressure: diastole | ventricular relaxation (denominator) |
| Blood Pressure: The sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure are referred to _________ sounds | Korotkoff |
| a pulse is a rhythmical throbbing caused by what? | by regular contraction and alternate expansion of an artery as the wave of blood passes through a vessel as after each heartbeat |
| Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) | the average blood pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta. |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. |
| Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) | the total resistance against which blood must be pumped |
| Formula for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)? | MAP = CO x PVR |
| Heart rate (HR) | the number of times the heart beats per minute |
| Stroke volume (SV) | the volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle |
| Formula for cardiac output (CO)? | CO = HR x SV |
| SV= | (end-diastolic volume) – (end-systolic volume) |
| End-diastolic volume: (example) | blood flows from atria to ventricles; increases to ~125ml |
| End-systolic volume: (example) | ventricles partially empty during systole; decreases to ~55ml |
| using the example, calculate SV | SV = 125 – 55 = 70ml |
| What is the formula for Cardiac Reserve (CR)? | CR = COexercise – COrest |
| What is the relationship between CR and ability to exercise? | The greater the person’s CR, the greater his or her capacity for doing exercise! |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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