Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Immunohematology
Immunohematology 1- Chapter 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Refactoriness is: | Unresponsiveness to platelet transfusions owing to HLA-specific or platelet specific antibodies |
| Antibodies with specificities other than self: | Alloantibodies |
| Which antibody class is most effective at activating complement? | IgM |
| All of the following are differences between IgG and IgM class antibodies: | ability to cross the placenta, optimum reaction temperature, and size The same: cause intravascular red cell destruction |
| The secondary immune response usually occurs within: | 5-7 days |
| What portion of the antibody molecule binds to receptors on macrophages and assists in the removal of antibody bound to red cells? | Fab fragment |
| Which antibody class can cross the placenta and cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn and Fetus? | IgG |
| What is responsible for the activation of the classic pathway of complement? | Antibody bound to antigen |
| The attachment of an antibody to a single antigen is termed: | Sensitization |
| What is the potential effect in a tube agglutination test if a red cell suspension with a concentration greater than 5% is used? | False Negative |
| Estimated parentage of donors that would be incompatible with a transplant patient: | CPRA |
| After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube, one large agglutinate was observed. How should this reaction be graded? | 4+ |
| What would increase the strength of a weak IgM antibody reaction? | Cool the test to 5 degrees C |
| The Fab portion of the IgG antibody: | Is similar for all IgG antibodies, is the binding site for the antigen-antibody reaction, and is capable of binding 10 separate antigens ( does all of these) |
| What is the strongest binding force between an antibody and an antigen? | Ionic bonding |
| After adding antigen and antibody to a test tube, centrifugation, and then gently shaking the tube, the cells all disperse back into the solution. How should this reaction be graded? | 0 |
| When the concentration of antibody exceeds the concentration of antigen, antibody excess: | Prozone |
| One difference between the primary and secondary immune response is: | The secondary response produces a greater total number of antibodies |
| Select the cell that produces antibodies: | Plasma cells |
| An antigen capable of producing an immune response is call an: | Immunogen |
| Referring to a reaction within the body: | In vivo |
| Hemagglutination can be enhanced by increasing: | The incubation time |
| Tech places test tubes in centrifuge, presses start button & walks away. It is unplugged & doesn't spin, doesn't notice. Tech returns 15 mins later, takes out the tubes & shakes them down. What is the possible consequences of the centrifuge not working? | False negative reaction |
| An antigen is: | A molecule, often on the surface of a cell, binds to and antibody or T-cell receptor |
| What cells expresses HLA class II antigens? | B cells |
| The term that describes the unique part of the antigen that is recognized by a corresponding antibody: | Epitope |
| ______ molecules are usually not good immunogenic substances. | Lipid |
| The chemical composition of an antibody is: | Glycoprotein |
| In a hemagglutination test, the antigen is: | On the red cell membrane |
| Molecules that bind to an antigen to increase phagocytosis are: | Opsonins |
| An epitope is also termed an: | Antigenic determinant |
| Agglutination reactions characterized by many small agglutinates in a background of free cells would be graded in tube testing as: | 1+ |
| What is the genotype of a type O person? | OO |
| Potentiators are used in antiglobulin testing to: | Increase the strength of agglutination |
| An amorph is a gene which is: | Silent |
| The term used when two of the same forms of a gene are inherited from each parent is: | Homozygous |
| A reagent is considered potent if: | It reacts strongly |
| What step comes first in the indirect antiglobulin test? | Incubate the test tube at 37 degree C for 15 minutes |
| Testing in the immunohematology lab uses the interaction of what two things? | Antibody and antigen |
| Monospecific AHG reagents: | Contain either anti-IgG or anti-C3d antibody specificities |
| If the parents of a child are type B and type AB, what blood types could not be found among their children? | O |
| The ABO type of reagent cells used for antibody screens and panels should be: | O |
| Routine antigen testing determines: | Phenotype |
| The different genetic possibilities at a single loci are called: | Polymorphisms |
| ABO/Rh typing usually uses which test methodology? | Immediate spin |
| What is the possible adverse consequence of shaking the tubes too hard during testing? | False negative reactions |
| What is neutralization in antiglobulin testing? | Failure to wash away the unbound antibodies |
| What is a source of antigen? | Patient red cells |
| When an individual is said to be group A, it refers to the individual's: | Phenotype |
| Which of the children below could be the offspring of parents with the following phenotypical expressions: O Positive, CcEkMSs A Positive, CEKkMNS | O Positive, CcEKMNS |
| An antibody that reacts more strongly with a homozygous expression of an antigen than with a heterozygous expression is said to be showing: | Dosage |
| What color is anti-A: | Blue |
| In antibody identification, dosage refers to: | The number of antibodies present in the patient sample |
| Most blood group antigens are expressed by genes that are: | Codominant |
| In antiglobulin testing, sensitization refers to: | The initial binding of an antibody to an antigen |
| What is a blood group system? | ABO |
| Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are less likely to: | Cross over |
| To determine the specificity of a red cell antigen in a patient sample, what source of antibody is selected? | Commercial antisera |
| To determine the presence of a red cell antibody in a patient sample, what source of antigen is selected? | Commercial reagent red cells |
| What reagents are derived from plant extracts? | Lectins |
| What describes the expression of most blood group inheritance? | Codominant |
| In relationship testing, a "direct exclusion" is established when a genetic marker is: | Present in the child but absent in both the mother and the alleged father |
| The term used when two of the same alleles of a gene are inherited from each parent is: | Homozygous |
| Alternate forms of a gene at given genetic loci are called: | Alleles |
| The technique that uses a small amount of DNA and amplifies it for identification is called: | PCR |
| The phosphate, sugar, and base that constitute DNA and RNA are called: | Nucleotides |
| Genes located close together on the same chromosome are more likely to: | Be inherited as a haplotype |
| A gene inherited in a cis position to another gene is: | On the same chromosome |
| Using known sources of reagent antigen to detect ABO antibodies in a patient's plasma is known as: | Reverse grouping |
| What is the ABO interpretation for the following results? | ABO typing results: Group B Patient RBCs with: Patient Serum with Reagent RBCs: Anti-A Anti-B A1 B 0 4+ 4+ 0 |
| What situations may produce ABO discrepancies in the serum testing? | Newborn, Patient with hypogammaglobulinemia, and cold alloantibody (All of the above) |
| A patient's red cells agglutinated by anti-B, but not anti-A. This person would have which ABO phenotypes? | Group B |
| Bombay phenotype: | Lacks expression or both H and ABO antigens |
| What blood types for a unit of packed red cells would not be given to a B positive individual? | A Positive |
| The first step in resolution of ABO discrepancy: | To identify the source of the problem |
| What ABO phenotypes would be compatible if the pt required a transfusion of fresh frozen plasma? Patient RBCs w/ Patient Serum w/ Reagent RBCs Anti-A =0 Anti-B =4+ A1 =4+ B =0 | Group B or AB |
| What situations is most likely to cause intravascular hemolysis when an incompatible transfusion is given? | Group B packed cells to a Group O recipient |
| What ABO phenotypes would be compatible if the patient below required a transfusion of red blood cells? Patient RBCs w/ Patient serum w/ reagent RBCs Anti-A =0 Anti-B =4+ A1 = 4+ B =0 | Group O or B |
| The anti-B made by a type A person will be mostly: | IgM |
| A2 cells differ from A1 cells in that they: | Only have linear A antigens |
| What ABO phenotype would agglutinate in the presence of anti-A,B produced by group O individuals? | A and B |
| A group A man marries a group AB woman. The father of the group A man was group O. What possible ABO phenotypes could be expected in the offsprings? | Group A, B, and AB |
| Select the ABO phenotypes, in order from most frequent to least frequent, that occur in whites: | O, A, B, AB |
| What gene controls the presence of the H substance in saliva? | Se |
| A and B antigens can be found in all the following: | Tears, Saliva, and Plasma Except: spinal fluid |
| Given the following ABO phenotyping data: FORWARD REVERSE Anti-A:2+ mf Anti-B:0 A1 cells:0 B cells:3+ What could be a plausible explanation for this discrepancy? | Group O blood products given to group A |
| Which ABO phenotype selection contains the most H antigens and the least H antigen, respectively, on the red cell's surface? | O, A1B |
| Landsteiner's rule: | Healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their red cells |
| This system was created in the 1980s to standardize blood group systems and antigen names: | ISBT |
| To distinguish between and A1 and A2 blood type, which reagent is used? | Dolichos biflorus lectin |
| What statement is true about ABO antibody production? | ABO antibodies are stimulated by bacteria and other environmental factors |
| A D negative woman gives birth to a D negative, weak D positive infant. The woman: | Should receive Rh immune globulin (RHoGAM) |
| What genotypes is heterozygous for the C antigen? | R1r |
| The E and e antigens of the Rh blood group system: | Differ by just on amino acid |
| The frequency of the D-negative phenotype in the population is: | 15% |
| Anti-D was detected in the serum of a D-positive person. What is a possible explanation? | Missing antigen epitope |
| All of the following can cause the D antigen expression to be weaker: | Partial D expression, inheriting the C antigen in trans to the D antigen, and RHD gene that is genetically weaker Can NOT: inheriting the G gene |
| Anti-D reagent and the Rh control were tested with red cells. Both tests were 2+ agglutination reactions. What is the interpretation of the results? | Unable to interpret without further testing |
| The results of a weak D test on a patient with a positive direct antiglobulin test would be: | Unreliable because of immunoglobulins already on the red cells |
| A cis-product antigen; presents when c and e are inherited as a haplotype: | f |
| A patient with Anti-G would need to receive which blood type? | rr" |
| A patient who needs blood tests negative for D, but positive for weak D. She should receive what Rh blood type? | Rh-negative |
| What is the likelihood that two heterozygous D-positive parents will have a D-negative child? | 25% |
| Convert CDE/CdE to Weiner notation: | Rzry |
| The weak D test detects: | A weak D antigen |
| The most immunogenic antigen in the Rh blood group: | D antigen |
| Testing for the weak D expression is performed by: | Performing the indirect antiglobulin test with anti-D |
| Most Rh antibodies are: | IgG and bind at 37 degrees C |
| The blood group system that was originally identified as the Rh blood group system is now called: | LW |
| The term Rh positive refers to: | The presence of the D antigen |
| The Rh genotype CDE/cDE is written in Wiener notation as: | RzR2 |
| In Rosenfield notation, the phenotype of a donor may be written as Rh:1,-2,-3,4,5. What is the correct phenotype in Fisher-Race(CDE) notation? | cDe |
| Anti-f was identified in a patient. Because commercial antisera are not available, what is the best course of action to locate compatible RBC units? | Crossmatch c-negative units |
| A patient's Rh genotype was determined to D+, c+, e+, C-, E-. The race is most likely: | Black |
| The test for the weak D antigen involves: | The IAT |
| The anti-G antibody would be negative with which of the following red cell genotypes? | rr |
Created by:
Megan Hohenberg
Popular Laboratory Science sets