Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
physio lab exp#8
Sensory Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory receptors | Cells that respond to different stimuli and are responsible for your experience of your environment |
| There are 7 types of sensory receptors: | Mechanoreceptors, Electromagnetic, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, Proprioceptors, and Baroreceptors |
| muscles of the eye: (4) Rectus Muscles | Superior, Inferior, Medial, and Lateral |
| What do the rectus muscles do? | Elevate and Depres the eyeball |
| muscles of the eye: (2) Oblique Muscles | Superior and Inferior |
| What do the oblique muscles do? | Circumvent the eyeball |
| the middle tunica (the uvea) consists of what? (3) | choroid, iris, and pupil |
| the uvea is the _________ tunica of the eye | vascular |
| uvea: choroid | the posterior part that has darker pigment so that light isn’t scattered within the eye |
| uvea: iris | the colored portion of the eye. |
| uvea: what does the iris control? | the amount of light entering the eye; |
| uvea: pupil | the middle opening of the iris involved with light allowances |
| retina | receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons |
| photoreceptor | a neural cell in the retina that responds to light |
| rod | photoreceptor cell in retina that is most active at low levels of light |
| cone | any of several classes of photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision |
| bipolar cell | an interneuron that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells |
| ganglion cell | cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve |
| optic nerve | collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the brain |
| what are the different layers of the retina | optic nerve, ganglion cell layer, inner synaptic layer, bipolar layer, outer synaptic layer, photoreceptor layer, and pigmented layer |
| there are three cell types in the bipolar layer: | horizontal cell, bipolar cell, amacrine cell |
| horizontal cell | contacts both receptor cells and bipolar cells |
| amacrine cell | contacts both bipolar cells and ganglionic cells (and is especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina) |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: Light rays excite _______ cells | ganglion |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: the excitation of ganglion cells stimulate what kind of cells? | bipolar cells |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: Then ____________ are stimulated | photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: Change in membrane potential on the photoreceptors directs the... | visual signal in the opposite direction for data processing |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: Signal sent to __________, then ______ ___, then _________ ____ | Signal sent to photoreceptors, then bipolar cells, then sent to ganglion cells |
| Visual Transduction Pathway: Axons of ganglion cells exit through the _______ _______ | optic nerve. (CN II) |
| nerve impulses propagate along optic nerve towards ______ ____ | optic disc |
| optic disc | the region of the retina that is devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there |
| cataracts | opacity of the eye |
| cataracts are caused by what three things? | Heredity, aging, and disease condition (diabetes) |
| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure that can lead to BLINDNESS |
| 2 ways it is caused: 1) Hyperactivity of the ciliary body whose function is to what? | produce aqueous humor |
| 2 ways it is caused: 2) Blockage or plug of drainage structure of the eye know as the ______ of ________ | Canal of Schlemm |
| Aqueous humor: | contained in the anterior chamber; similar to plasma; bathes the cells providing nutrients such as Vit. C |
| Vitreous Humor: | contained in posterior portion of the eye; functions to keep retina pushed against the back of the eyeball; also provides nutrients to the cells |
| Errors of Refraction: Emmetropia | the normal refractive condition of the eye in which with accommodation relaxed parallel rays of light are all brought accurately to a focus upon the retina |
| Errors of Refraction: Myopia | nearsightedness, the image is focused in front of the retina. |
| Errors of Refraction: how is myopia corrected? | concave lens |
| Errors of Refraction: Hyperopia | farsightedness, image would be focused behind the retina. |
| Errors of Refraction: how is hyperopia corrected? | convex lens. |
| Errors of Refraction: astygmatism | nonuniform curvature of the cornea that causes the eye to focus images at different distances (two focal points) |
| What is the Snellen Acuity Chart used for? | to diagnose myopia |
| how do you read the snellen acuity chart? | Numerator = YOUR VISION Denominator = AVERAGE JOE |
| so if you got 20/200... what would that mean? | you can read at 20 feet a letter that people with "normal" vision can read at 200 feet. |
| what are the three divisions of the ear? | outer, middle, inner |
| the outer ear consists of what three things? | auricle (pinna), the External Auditory Canal (meatus), and the Eardrum(TM) |
| What is the Auricle (pinna) responsible for? | collecting sound waves |
| What is the external auditory canal (meatus) responsible for? | for directing sound waves towards the tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| What is the eardrum (TM)? | structure that separates the outer from the middle ear |
| How does the eardrum work? | sound waves cause vibrations to occur |
| The Middle Ear consists of what two things? | Auditory Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) |
| What is the function of the Auditory Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)? | to transmit and amplify vibrations from TM to oval window |
| What is the function of the Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)? | connects middle ear with nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on both sides of TM. |
| the inner ear consists of what four things? | cochlea, organ of corti, semicircular canals, and vestibule (ultricle/saccule) |
| cochlea | contains a series of fluids, channels and membranes that transmit vibrations to the Organ of Corti. |
| organ of corti | houses the hair cells which are the receptors for hearing. |
| semicircular canals | maintains dynamic equilibrium |
| ultricle/saccule | maintain static and dynamic equilibrium |
| Vestibular system | the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of balance (which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation) |
| vestibular system: Nystagmus | constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball. (Saccades) |
| vestibular system: Vertigo | equilibratory apparatus disturbances causing dizziness and lightheadedness |
| auditory transduction pathway: What first collects sound waves? | the auricle (pinna) |
| auditory transduction pathway: Then what happens to these sound waves? | External Auditory Canal directs waves to TM |
| auditory transduction pathway: The TM then vibrates. What does this cause? | displacement of the ossicles |
| auditory transduction pathway: the ossicles then transmit and amplify vibrations from TM to the what? | oval window |
| auditory transduction pathway: Then the waves reach the what? | cochlea |
| auditory transduction pathway: Fluids in cochlea allow for what? | tectorial and basilar membranes to shear |
| auditory transduction pathway: the waves then reach the Organ of Corti where the hair receptors bend. What does this do? | transduce sound waves into action potentials |
| auditory transduction pathway: waves then reach the round window, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window. What does this do? | It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. |
| auditory transduction pathway: __________ displacement stimulates neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve. (CN VIII) | Stereocilia |
| auditory transduction pathway: Stereocilia | mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion for various functions, including hearing and balance |
| organ of corti: the Cochlear duct(Scala Media) housed in endolymph, contains what? | receptors for hearing (sensory hair cells and nerve endings) |
| organ of corti: Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) | transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. |
| what are the two types of deafness? | Sensorineural (Presbycusis) and Conduction |
| Deafness: sensorineural (presbycusis) | Permanent deafness that occurs when hair cells are damaged (ie. Loud concerts) |
| Deafness: conduction | Reversible deafness that involves a physical barrier that obstructs hearing. (ie. Cerumen build-up, middle ear infection, congenital defects) |
| What are two tests we used to test for deafness? | the Rinne and Weber tests |
| Weber: determines what kind of deafness? | sensorineural deafness |
| Rinne: compares what two kinds of hearing? | Bone-Conducting and Air-Conducting hearing |
| Weber: if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a _________ hearing loss in the defective ear. if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is ___________ hearing loss on the other (defective) ear. | conductive, sensorineural |
| A normal or positive Rinne test is when AC > BC | sound heard outside the ear (air conduction or AC) is louder than the initial sound heard when the tuning fork end is placed against the skin on top of the mastoid process behind the ear (bone conduction or BC) |
| Rinne: In __________ hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air or BC > AC, a negative Rinne. | conductive |
Created by:
cmccartney2
Popular Physiology sets