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physiology-N+M
Stack #187829
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| interface for reflexes | spinal cord |
| knee jerk reflex is __ synaptic | monosynaptics |
| withdrawal reflex caues ipsilateral flexion/extension and contralateral flexion/extension | ipsilateral flexion, contralateral extension |
| neroglial cells in CNS | microglia(ingest pathogens), oligodendrocyte(myelin), astrocyte(blood brain barrier), ependymal(line ventricles) |
| AP generated in _ region of neuron | axon hillock |
| difference between leak and voltage gated channels | leak channels always remain open, whereas volt gated channel open in response to voltage |
| conc't of extraceullar Na, K, Cl, Ca | high Na, Cl, Ca,, and low K |
| the number of ions required to bring a __ change is small. | potential change |
| how does secondary active transport work | use conc't gradient generated to move molec against their conct gradient. |
| Ek is | -90mV |
| ENa is | 60mV |
| RMP is | -60mV |
| If K+ didn't carry any charge, the intracellular conct of [K+] compared to the extracellular conct be | equal |
| when does equilibrium potential occur | when conc't gradient = electrical gradient |
| consider a hypothetical cell which only contains K+. Its RMP will be | -60mV |
| consider a hypothetical cell which only contains K+. Increasing permeability of K+ would cause RMP to__ | no effect |
| consider a hypothetical cell which only contains K+ and Na+. Increasing permeability of K+ would cause RMP to__ | decrease towards Ek |
| RMP = -60mV means the potential on the outside of the cell is __ and the inside is __ | outside = 0mV, inside = -60mV |
| difference between RMP and Equilib potential | RMP requires active transporter, Equilibrium Pot doesn't |
| Effect of increasing number of leak channel on equilibrium potential | no change |
| why is RMP closer to Ek than ENa | because permeability higher for K+ |
| current | flow of ions |
| what happens to RMP if permeability to K+ increases | decrease |
| what happens to RMP if permeability to Na+ increases | incrase |
| what happens to RMP if [Na+]inside goes up | down |
| equilibrium potential or RMP is at steady state and why | RMP, because neither of Na nor K is at equilibrium, also requires active transporters for its maintainence |
| three types of channels | leak, volt gated, ligand gated |
| interval during which a second AP can't be fired called | absolute refractory period |
| interval during which a second AP is INHIBITED but not impossible called | relative refractory period |
| relative refractory period caused by | hyperpolarization |
| absolute refract period caused by | inhibition particle on volt gated Na+ channel |
| the membrane potential never reaches ENa during depolarization because | 1.K channels start to open 2.Na channels start to inactivate |
| channel arrest hypothesis | when no O2 present, membrane becomes non-leaky |
| AP fired in the middle of a neruron which direction does it travel? | both |
| what allows unidirectional propagation of AP at axon hillock? | absolute refractory period. |
| ways to increase speed of AP | inc. Rm, dec. Ra. |
| inc. diameter cause | dec. Ra |
| inc. myelination causes | inc. Rm |
| lamba is | dist over which AP travels befor it decays down to 37% of original value |
| inc. lambda = inc/dec efficieency | inc. |
| differences between oligodendrocytes, schwann cells | oligo - CNS and one cell enwraps many neurons schw - PNS and many cells enwrap 1 neuron |
| channels in internode | no channels |
| current flowing between nodes is saltatory or electrotonic | electrotonic |
| saltatory conduction | AP regenerated only at nodes and travelling electrotonically between nodes |
| In muscle __ AP generates 1AP. In CNS __ AP generates 1AP. | 1, multiple AP |
| inhibitory transmitter at NM junction | NONE |
| ACh degraded by | acetylcholinesterase |
| sensory neuron when it receives physical stimulus causes | grading EPSP, Na or Na and K open |
| gap junction is | 2 connexons. |
| myasthenia gravis | immune system attacks Ach receptor |
| immune system attacks Ach receptor | myasthenia gravis |
| Botox | blocks neuromuscular transmission (No Ach release) |
| blocks neuromuscular transmission (No Ach release) | Botox |
| muscle heirarchy | sarcomere, fibril, fiber(endomysium), fascicle(perimysium), organ(epimysium) |
| M line contains | myosin |
| A zone contains | entire myosin |
| H zone contains | only myosin |
| I zone contain | only actn |
| six steps of cross bridging cycle | 1.Ca+ bdd to troponin, and tropomyosin expose binding site 2.myosin head bdd to actin (Low E state) 3.release ADP, Pi, cause powerstroke 4.ATP binds, myosin, actin dissociate (back to high E state) 5.hydrolysis of ATP 6.Ca2+ removed back to SR |
| muscles innervated by 1 neuron called | motor unit |
| different types of muscle fibers | white (fast), red (slow) |
| receptor potential | stimulus that brings membrane pot to threshold |
| 1 connexon is | 6 conexin |
| AP generated in __ why? | axon hillock, because this region contains highest conct of volt gated Na channels |
Created by:
honghee
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