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physiology-CNS
Stack #187405
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes | central sulcus |
| brain is made up of | cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem |
| purpose of having folding of cortex | pack as much neuroglial cell as possible |
| rostral is | anterior |
| caudal is | posterior |
| anterior also called | rostral |
| posterior also called | caudal |
| efferent leave spinal cord via | ventral root |
| afferent enter spinal cord via | dorsal root |
| soma of afferent sensory neuron located in | dorsal root ganglion |
| soma of efferent motor neuron located in | ventral horn |
| afferent and efferent neurons connected in the spinal cord by | interneurons |
| sensory receptor is ussually | cation channels |
| convergence of neuron | many neurons feeding into a single neuron |
| divergence of neuron | single neuron branching and feeding into many neurons |
| postsynaptic density is | sites on post synaptic neuron where receptors for neurotransmitters are located |
| sites on post synaptic neuron where receptors for neurotransmitters are located | postsynaptic density |
| most common excitatory neurotransmitter is | gluatmate |
| ACh binds to what | nicotinic receptor |
| nicotinic receptor function | Na+ Ca2+ in, K+ out => EPP (end plate potential) =>depolarization => AP |
| how many EPSP need to stimulate 1 muscle fiber | 1 |
| glutamatergic receptor causes | depolarization by letting Na+ in and K+ out |
| relationship between conductance and permeability | high permeability means high conductance |
| relationship between resistance and conductance | high conductance means low resistance |
| how many AP needed to generate an AP in muscle | 1 |
| GABA receptor causes | hyperpolarization by letting in Cl- |
| glycinergic causes | hyperpolarization by letting in Cl- |
| temporal summatoion | inputs from same presynaptic neurons |
| spatial summation | inputs from different presynatptic neurons |
| major excitatory trasmitter in CNS | glutamate |
| glutamate receptors | NMDA, AMPA, Kainate |
| too much glutamate released in CNS could cause | brain injury (stroke) |
| major cortical inhibitory trasmitter | GABA |
| GABA receptors | GABA(A), GABA(B) |
| GABA could cause | epilepsy |
| ACh receptors | nicotinic, muscarinic |
| ACh could cause | alzheimer |
| glycine receptors | glycine |
| glycine could cause | spasticity in spinal cord => cramps |
| major spinal inhibitory transmitter is | glycine |
| excitatory peptides are | substance p, TRH |
| inhibitory peptides are | endogenous, opioid |
| ionotropic receptor | binding of transmitter causes opening of the gate |
| metabotropic | binding of transmitter causes indirect opening of the gate via second messenger cascade |
| GPCR has how many subunits | 7 |
| effector ion channel in cAMP induced depolarization is | S-type K+ channel, the gate closes in response to getting phosphorylated by PKA |
| nicotinic metabotropic or ionotropic | ionotropic |
| muscarinic metabotropic or ionotropic | metabotropic |
| for ACh mediated EPSP fast EPSP due to | nicotinic channel |
| for ACh mediated EPSP slow EPSP due to | (muscarinic) M-type K+ channel being closed. |
| nicotine can bind to | only nicotinic receptor |
| muscarine can bind to | only muscarinic receptor |
| antagonist of nicotinic receptor | curare |
| curare | antagonist of nicotinic receptor |
| atropine | antagonist of muscarinic receptor |
| antagonist of muscarinic receptor | atropine |
| AMPA binds to | AMPA receptor |
| NMDA binds to | NMDA receptor |
| antagonist of AMPA receptor | CNQX |
| antagonist of NMDA receptor | APV |
| antagonist of Kainate receptor | CNQX |
| CNQX | antagonist of AMPA and kainate receptor |
| APV | antagonist of NMDA receptor |
| CNQX | antagonist of Kainate and AMPA receptor |
| NMDA can bind | glycine, glutamate, NMDA (paradox because here glycine is an excitatory transmitter) |
| NDMA receptor when activated causes | Ca2+ , Na+ in and K+ out => depol |
| AMPA receptor when activated causes | Na+ in, K+ out => depol |
| Kainate receptor when activated causes | Na+ in, K+ out |
| difference between NMDA and non-NMDA receptors | in non-NMDA, Ca2+ not involved. |
| which glutamate receptor is metabotropic and which is ionotropic | all ionotropic, except for glutamate induced G protein |
| axo-axonal synapse usually mediate | presynaptic inhibition |
| glutamate induced stimulation of G protein | activate PLC, PIP2 -> DAG + IP3, IP3 binds to IP3 receptor. |
| IP3 binding to IP3 receptor causes | release of Ca2+ into cytosol |
| GABA(A) ionotropic or metabotropic | ionotropic |
| GABA(B) ionotropic or metabotropic | metabotropic |
| GABA(A) causes (in axo-aoxonal synapse) | open Cl- channels. |
| GABA(B) causes (in axo-aoxonal synapse) | open K+ channels + block volt gated Ca2+ channels |
| endorphines excitatory or inhibitory | inhibitory, block afferent pain fiber by blocking Ca2+ channel or opening K+ channel |
| analgesia | axoaxonal inhibition which minimizes pain |
| different axons of skin in decreasing diameter | Aalpha, Abeta, Adelta, C |
| different axons of muscles in decreasing diameter | Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV |
| information from spinal cord must pass through __ in order to get to the cortex | thalamus |
| somatosensory pathway for crude touch, pain or temperature | skin -> dorsal horn -> (synapse) -> cross over -> thalamus (2nd synapse) -> to cortex (diffuse projection) |
| relay nuclei for sensory inputs | thalamus |
| somatosensory pathway for fine touch, proprioception | skin -> pons (epsilateral side) -> (synapse) -> cross over -> thalamus -> (2nd synapse) -> to cortex (somatotopic projection) |
| gracilis | fibers from lower body |
| cuneatus | fibers from upper body |
| definition of diffuse projection and what somatosensory pathway it is found in | somatosensory neuron projects onto the cortex in a diffused manner (to non-specific region). found in path for pain or temperature. |
| definition of somatotopic projection and what somatosensory pathway it is found in | somatosensory neuron gets projected to a specific region in the cortex. found in path for fine touch, proprioception |
| pyramidal pathway is | pre-motor neuron taking info from motor cortex to spinal cord |
| MRI records activity of brain by | measuring the distribution and energy states of protons |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | measures neuronal activity in brain via an increased cerebral blood flow due to increased oxygen demand. |
| hearing words stimulates | temporal region |
| seeing words stimulates | occipital region |
| speaking words stimulates | the motor cortex on frontal |
| generating words stmimulates | frontal |
| in EEG(electroencephalogram), apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons receive inputs from | thalamus. |
| in EEG what is closer to the surface, apical dendrite or axon | apical dendrite |
| excitatory input from thalamus (eg. glutamate) causes | EPSP in apical dendrites |
| how is EEG measured? | by measuring change in voltage in extracellulr space in brain, in response to inputs from thalamus. (eg. excitatory input from thalamus => depol at apical dendrites => extracellular becomes negative) |
| negative EEG means | excitatory input from thalamus to pyramidal neuron |
| alpha rhythm during | relaxed state, preparing to go to sleep |
| beta rhythm during | alert |
| if a person is relaxed then you would see __ in EEG | alpha rhythm |
| a person has tumor so you would see __ in EEG | delta wave (delta wave also for sleeping infants) |
| if a person is alert then you would see __ in EEG | beta rhythm |
| part of limbic system involved in emootion | hippocampus |
| front part of hippocampus called | amygdala |
Created by:
honghee
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