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108 Unit 2
Acid-Base Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen Ion Activity | -efficient biochemical and enzymatic processes demand an exacting cellular environment -Free [H+] is measuered in plasma |
| Hydrogen Ions | -among most important factors in the cellular environment -affect all physical and biochemical cellular phenomena -increases acidic value of solution |
| pH stands for | -Power of hydrogen -Potential Hydrogen -Logarithmic value of the reciprocal of the [H+] -4 x 10^8 moler per liter (.00000004) |
| Ways to Express pH | - - log (4 x 10^8) or (0.00000004) - -(-7.3979) - 7.40 (normal) |
| 3 Descriptions of pH | - [H+] -Negative log of the [H+] -Log of the reciprocal of the [H+] or inversely proportional to the [H+] |
| Components that affect the pH | -Respiratory Component (PCO2) -Metabolic Component (HCO3-/Bicarb) |
| Respiratory Component (PCO2) | -acid -pCO2 has an inverse affect on pH -increased pCO2 increases the acidic value of a solution [H+] |
| Metabolic Component (HCO3-/Bicarb) | -base -HCO3- has a direct affect on pH -increased HCO3- increases alkalotic (basic) value of solution [H+] -HCO3- wants to bind to hydrogen so it eliminates free floating H+ |
| Acids | donate hydrogen ions (protons) |
| Bases | accept hydrogen ions (protons) |
| Metabolism Aggregate of all chemical processes that result in: | -growth -energy production -elimination of waste -other bodily functions as they relate to the distribution of nutrients in th blood after digestion |
| Two phases of Metabolism | -Catabolism -Anabolism |
| Catabolism | -destructive phase -larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules -decomposition reactions -breaks down nutrients -produces energy (exergonic) |
| Anabolism | -constructive phase -smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules (synthesis) -growth and repair -consumes energy (endergonic) |
| What does Metabolic Rate Determine? | -quantity of CO2 produced and enters the blood |
| What does Lung Function Determine? | -quantity of CO2 excreted from the blood |
| Sources of Energy | -Carbohydrate Metabolism: Main source of energy -Lipid/Fate Metabolism: used if carb metabolism is deficient -Protein Metabolism: "last resort energy" |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | -final products of digestion include glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Glucose | -95% of blood sugars produced -stored as glycogen or fat -converted back to glucose as needed -carried through cell membranes by proteins that are aided by insulin |
| Glycolysis | -metabolic pathway that converts glucose to energy -aerobic metabolism -anaerobic metabolism -CO2 is a waste product |
| Aerobic Metabolism yields what? | -pyruvic acid |
| What does Anaerobic Metabolism yield? | -lactic acid |
| Incomplete oxidation of Carbohydrates | -can be caused by stress & Exercise -both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism yield ATP and H+ -H+ are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce more HTP |
| What can reverse Incomplete Oxidation of Carbohydrates? | -increased O2 -Decreased activity -Decreased metabolism |
| Iipids(fats) Metabolism | -fats are stored or used as energy for the body -if carbohydrate metabolism is deficient, more fat will be used -Acetoacetic Acid (typd of keto acid) is waste product |
| Protein Metabolism | -O2 transport -Enzyme function -Aid in muscle contraction -catabolized into amino acids -used as a last resort for energy -NH3 (ammonia) is a key waste product |
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) | CO2 produced/O2 consumed -80% is normal |
| What accounts for nearly all the O2 consumption of the body? | -Oxidation of carbohydrates and fats -major sources of energy for the body |
| Metabolism of Carbohydrates RQ | -1 mole O2 consumed -1 mole CO2 produced -RQ = 100% |
| Metabolism of Fats RQ | -1 mole of O2 consumed -0.7 moles CO2 produced -RQ = 70% |
| Metabolism of Proteins RQ | -1 mole of O2 consumed -0.7 moles of CO2 produced -RQ = 70% |
| Where is CO2 carried? | -plasma 5% -RBC 95% |
| Plasma CO2 | -dissolved CO2 accounts for most CO2 carried in plasma -0.1% reacts with water for form H2CO3 (hydrolysis or hydration) -difficult to distinguish between dCO2 and H2CO3 |
| Plasma CO2 Hydrolysis equation | -very slow -carbonic anydrase (enzyme) is not present |
| Total dCO2 plasma | PCO2 x 0.003 |
| Solubility coefficient of CO2 | 0.003 |
| Total dCO2 | -value used to represent H2CO3 in Henderson-Hasselbach equation |
| Dissolved CO2 | accounts for 8% of total CO2 released in the lungs |
| CO2 Transport in the RBC | -80% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) -hydrolysis occurs very rapidly due to carbonic anhydrase -12% of CO2 chemically combines with amino acids contained within the hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin -This process produces H+ |
| The relationship between CO2 and hemaglobin | -CO2 has a higher affinity for Hemoglobin and kicks the hydrogen off which increases the content of H+ in the blood and decreases pH |
| Chloride Shift | -HCO3 diffuses into plasma due to concentration gradient between RBC and plasma -CL ions enter RBC to maintain electroneutrality |
| CO2 and Metabolism | -Metabolic rate determines CO2 production -PaCO2 changes with rate of CO2 production when alveolar ventilation is constant |
| CO2 Elimination | -Ventilation determines rate of CO2 Elimination -Hyperventilation: high rate and/or volume -Hypoventilation: low rate and/or volume |
| How long does it take pH to adjust in the Respiratory System? | 1-3 minutes change in rate and/or volume breathing |
| Ventilation and Acid-Base Physiology | PCO2 = 1/Alveolar ventilation |
| Hemoglobin | -oxygen carrying protein in the RBC -each molecule contains 4 molecules of Fe+ -each Fe+ molecule can reversibly bind to 1 molecule of O2 -Major buffer due to reversible binding with H+ -also binds with CO2 |
| Bohr Effect | -Right shift in Curve -Decreased Hb affinity for oxygen -increase H+ -decrease pH -increase CO2 -Increase Temp -Increase 2-3 DPG -O2 becomes more available and is released into tissue cells |
| Hb in Bohr Effect | -more capable of binding H+ to amio acids in Hb -slightly alters structure of Hb -Decreases ability of Hb to carry O2 -Increases blood's ability to carry CO2 |
| Haldene Effect | -addition of O2 to the blood enhances CO2 release from Hb -Left Shift in Curve -Increases Hb affinity for oxygen -decrease H+ -Decrease CO2 -Decrease Temp -Decrease 2-3 DPG |
| Metabolic Acid-Base Physiology | -regulated by kidneys -controls excess of H+ or HCO3 through buffers |
| Kidneys | -HCO3- is reabsorbed into the blood -H+ is excreted into urine -total amount of hydrogen ions excreted are significant to metabolic acid-base balance -cannot produce urine with a pH below 4.4 |
| How often does Free H+ urinary acid secretion occur? | less than 1% of the time |
| What accounts for excretion of most nonvolatile acids? | phosphate and ammonium urinary buffers |
| Carbonic anhydrase in Renal Tubular cells | -H2CO3 is rapidly dissociated into H+ and HCO3- -HCO3- must react with H+ before it can be reabsorbed as CO2 |
| Renal Correction of Acidosis | -excess H+ is excreted in urine -HCO3- binds with Na+ to form NaHCO3 -NaHCO3 is then reabsorbed into the blood |
| Renal Correction of Alkalosis | -excess of HCO3- relative to H+ -HCO3- cannot be reabsorbed without reacting with H+ -Excess HCO3- is excreted in urine |
| Buffering Systems | -prevents drastic changes in pH of a body fluid -converts strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases |
| Significant deviation from normal pH range | -poorly tolerated -May be life threatening |
| Chemical Equilibrium | -Rate of reaction of a substance in one direction is equal to the rate of reaction in the opposite direction |
| Isohydric Principle | -any condition tha causes [H+] to change causes balance of all buffer systems to change at the same time -buffer systems buffer each other -any condition that chanegs balance of any one of the buffer systems also changes balance of all the others |
| Major Buffering Systems | -Hb -Kidneys |
| Types of Buffer Systems | -RBC -HCO3- -Phosphate (HPO4) -Ammonia (NH3-) |
| RBC Buffering | -Carried out by Hb -Hb binds reversibly with H+ |
| HCO3- Bicarb Buffer | -found in plasma, RBCs, renal tubules -HCO3- binds with H+ forming H2CO3 -H2CO3 is then converted to CO2 and H20 |
| Phosphate (HPO4) Buffer | -renal buffer -sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) is highly concentrated in tubular fluid -excess H+ takes the place of Na+ to form NaH2PO4) (sodicum acid phosphate) -NaH2PO4 is excreted in urine -Freed Na+ binds with HCO3- and is reabsorbed as NaHCO3 |
| Ammonia (NH3-) Buffer | -NH3- is located in tubular fluid -excess H+ binds wtih NH3- and a CL- ion to form NH4CL (ammonia chloride) -NH4CL is excreted in urine -HCO3- binds with Na+ and is reabsorbed |
Created by:
Mdarrielle09
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