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Physiology hormones
WVSOM -- Endocrine Physiology Endocrine Master List
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone | Hypothalmus; stimulates secretion of TSH | TO: anterior pituitary |
| Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone | hypothalmus; Stimulates ACTH; internal & external factors alter release | TO: anterior pituitary |
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone | Hypothalmus; stimulates LH and FSH | TO: anterior pituitary |
| Growth Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by somatotrophs; promotes protein synthesis & use of fats for fuel; effect mediated indirectly by IGFs | TO: bone & skeletal muscle low: pituitary dwarfism high: gigantism, acromegaly |
| Gonadocorticoids | adrenal cortex; onset of puberty, secondary sex characteristics & sex drive | high: masculinization of females |
| Dopamine | (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) Hypothalmus; inhibits secretion of prolactin | TO: anterior pituitary |
| Thyroid Stimulating hormone | anterior pitutiary, produced by thyrotrophs; stimulates thyroid hormones | TO: thyroid gland low: cretinism, myxedema high: hyperthyroidism / Graves' Disease |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by gonadotrophs; stimulates gamete production; suppressed by gonadal hormones (feedback) | low: failure of sexual maturation |
| Leutinizing Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by gonadotrophs; promotes production of gonadal hormones | low: failure of sexual maturation |
| Prolactin | anterior pituitiary, produced by lactotrophs; stimulates milk production, breast development and inhibits ovulation. | |
| Acrenocorticotropic Hormone | anterior pituitary, produced by corticotrophs in daily rhythm; stimulates adrenal cortical hormones | TO: adrenal cortex high: Cushing's Disease |
| Oxytocin | posterior pituitary; milk ejection; uterine contraction | |
| Antidiuretic hormone | (vasopressin) posterior pituitary; H2O re-absorption: low water intake -high ADH- low urine output | TO: kidneys low: diabetes insipidus high: SIADH |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Thyroid Gland; target tissues convert T4 to T3, both transported by thyroxine-binding globulins | low: myxedema, cretinism high: Graves' Disease |
| Triiodothyrome (T3) | Thyroid gland; increases metabolic rate & heat production; maintains blood pressure, tissue growth, develops skeletal & NS, reproductive capabilites.10X more active than T4 (w 3 bound Iodine atoms); negative feedback release TSH, TRH can surpass | low: myxedema, cretinism high: Graves' Disease |
| Glucocorticoids | (cortisol) adrenal cortex produced by ACTH; stimulates gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppression | low: Addison's Disease high: Cushing's Syndrome |
| Progesterone | ovary; maturation of female reproductive organs, participates in development of the breasts; negative feedback to FSH and LH | |
| Testosterone | testes; male secondary sex characteristics, necessary for normal sperm production | |
| Parathyroid hormone | Parathyroid gland; increases serum Ca, decreases serum phosphate, absorb bone tissue. "when Ca levels in the blood are low, PTH will be the one to show." | from: osteoclasts in bone matrix TO: blood stream & secretion of phosphate by kidneys low: due to trauma/removal = death high: due to tumor = soft bones, kidney stones |
| Calcitonin | thyroid gland, parafollicular (C cells); decreases serum Ca, uptakes and incorporates into bone matrix; regulated by negative feedback | "When Ca levels in the blood are high, say 'hi' to calcitonin; PTH goodbye" |
| Mineralocorticoids | adrenal cortex; increased renal Na reabsorption, increase renal K secretion, water follows sodium!; Aldosterone is most potent (raises BP) | TO: kidneys low: Addison's Disease high: Aldosteronism |
| Glucagon | Pancreas, produced by alpha cells; promotes glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to the blood | TO: liver |
| Insulin | Pancreas, produced by beta cells; decrease blood glucose, stores glucose as glycogen in fat & muscle cells | low: diabetes mellitus high: hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | placenta; increases estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of pregnancy | |
| Aldosterone comes from the | Zonea Glomerulosa | |
| Glucocorticoids come from | Zona Fasciculata | |
| Androgens come from | zona reticularis | |
| 3 layers of the adrenal cortex | Zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis | |
| Amino acid-based hormones | water soluble; cannot cross plasma membrane transport freely in plasma | |
| humoral stimuli | hormone release by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients | |
| neural stimuli | hormone release by neural input | |
| hormonal stimuli | hormone release by another (tropic) hormone | |
| 3 factors influencing activation of a target cell | blood levels, number of receptors, attraction of binding between hormone & receptor | |
| permissiveness | one cannot go without another | |
| synergism | one amplifies another | |
| antagonism | one opposes another | |
| hypothalamus | controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which has 2 parts | |
| tropic hormones | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH | regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands |
| Norepinephrine | adrenal medulla (sympathetic NS), chromaffin cells; 20% influences peripheral vasoconstriction & BP | high: hypertension |
| Epinephrine | adrenal medulla (sympathetic NS), chromaffin cells; 80% stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation and blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart | high: prolonged fight-or-flight |
| 4 functions of catecholamines | blood glucose levels to rise, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat faster, blood diverted to brain, heart, & skeletal muscle | |
| Melatonin | pineal gland; timing of sexual maturation, day/night cycles, physiological rhythmic variations | |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | heart; reduces BP, blood volume & blood Na concentration | TO: kidney |
| Renin | kidneys; initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism: low BP releases renin to blood & triggers cascade of angiotensin II, which stimulates glomerulosa cells to release aldosterone, increasing BP to normal | |
| Cholecalciferol | skin; the precursor of vitamin D | TO: intestine |
| Erythropoietin | kidneys; signals production of RBCs | |
| Leptin | adipose tissue; involved in appetite control, stimulates increased energy expenditure | TO: muscle, liver |
| Thymulin, Thymopoietins, Thymosins | involved in the normal development of the T lymphocytes in the immune response; act locally as paracrines | |
| autocrines | locally acting chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them | |
| paracrines | locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them | |
| hormones | long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph | |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from fats & proteins | |
| Steroid hormones | lipid soluble; act on receptors inside cell transport bound to plasma proteins gonad & adrenocortical hormones |
Created by:
tjamrose
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