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Language and Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Every language is enormously complex. | True |
| Every language is systematic on many levels. | True |
| Every language varies systematically person to person, area to area, situation to situation. | True |
| Languages are diverse | True |
| languages have many universal properties they share (parameters, principles). | True |
| Some properties of language are arbitrary. | True |
| Speech is primary, writing is secondary. | True |
| Children aren't taught language | True |
| All languages change as time passes | True |
| Attitudes about speech are very different from the facts. | True |
| Everyone is monolingual or mono-dialect, just like America. | False |
| English spelling is phonetic and governed by rules. | False |
| Most writing systems are based on an alphabet | False |
| If you want to learn a language, don't take a class, just visit the country for a month or two | False |
| Some languages are naturally harder than others | False |
| Some languages are more "primative" | False |
| Language isn't ambiguous | False |
| Some dialects are stupid | False |
| Language usage reflects one's intelligence | False |
| Fluent in another language but not master at native | False |
| Learning another language is a skill | False |
| The dictionary is right! | False |
| Double negatives means not thinking logically | False |
| Easier to learn Chinese if from Chinese family background or European family | False |
| languages have special characteristics/personalities | False |
| All Native Americans generally speak some language - can communicate with sign language | False |
| More words you know, better you know language | False |
| Dialect understood by majority School, businesses, ESL, textbooks, media prestigous | Standard Dialect |
| more systematical dialect | nonstandard dialect |
| problems with orthography | different than sounds arbitrary |
| study of body language | kinesics |
| study of cultural patterning of spacial separation | proxemics |
| means of overcoming distance Mazateco, Silbo Gomero | whistle languages |
| in Sumeria ~3500 BCE picture = sound | cuneiforms |
| Egypt writing | hyroglyphics |
| meaning + sound | logographic/pictographic |
| descriptive characteristics of human language | displacement productivity/openness reflexiveness |
| displacement | tenses/time |
| productivity/openness | originality |
| reflexiveness | use language to talk about language |
| prelanguage | preceded full-fledged language |
| protolanguages | PIE reconstructed parent languages |
| Australopithecus | southern ape Lucy |
| homo habilus | considered to be first human |
| homo erectus | large game hunters fire BLENDING |
| archaic homo sapiens Neanderthals | rituals PRELANGUAGE |
| homo sapiens sapiens | earliest stage of full fledged language |
| imitation theory | learn language through imitation, memorization and reward |
| innateness theory | children don't learn language |
| UG | language is innate |
| poverty of the stimulus experiment | WUG |
| negatives questions plurals tenses possessives nouns/verbs articles | children's rule- governed errors |
| lexical categories | N, V, ADJ |
| functional categories | prep, art, conj, past tense |
| progressive past tense irreg -ed over-generalization past tense reg reg 3rd person singular present irreg 3rd person singular present | verb order acquistion |
| no plural irreg plural -s over-generalization plural -s -es over-generalization unusual irregs | plural order of acquisition |
| birth - 2 yrs----needs exposure to language 10-16 yrs----puberty | critical periods |
| left hemisphere | languge |
| right hemisphere | perception of non-linguistic sounds (birds) |
| 200 million nerve fibers | corpus callosum |
| thick membrane | cortex |
| separates temporal and frontal lobes | sylvian fissure |
| next to sylvian fissure | auditory cortex |
| lower back of each hemisphere | visual cortex |
| upper middle, perpendicular to sylvian fissure, each hemisphere | motor cortex |
| base of motor cortex articulatory patterns inflectional morphemes and functional categories | broca's area |
| back of auditory cortex comprehension and selection of words | Wernicke's area |
| nerve fibers connecting brocas and wernickes mental lexicon | arcuate fasciculus |
| between wernickes and visual cortex converts visual to auditory and v.v read and write | angular gyrus |
| telegraphic speech | broca's aphasia |
| fluent but meaningless speech | wernicke's aphasia |
| same phoneme/morpheme | dont occur in same environment |
| different phoneme/morpheme | (near) minimal pair |
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100001888150240
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