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Neurology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define motor control | ability to maintain and change posture and movement |
| Define motor learning | set of processes that bring about change in motor performance |
| What is difference between neuroanatomy and neurophysiology? | anatomy-structure; physiology-function |
| What are 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system? | CNS and PNS |
| What are the 2 physiological divisions of the nervous system? | somatic and autonomic |
| What part of brain responsible for higher brain function? | cerebral cortex |
| Frontal lobe | reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, problem-solving |
| Temporal lobe | perception, recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, speech |
| Parietal lobe | movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli |
| Occipital lobe | visual processing |
| Cerebellum | regulation and coordination of movement, posture, balance |
| Brain stem | basic vital life functions (heart rate, respirations, etc.) |
| Name two methods of synaptic communication | electrical and chemical (most common) |
| Define neuron | unit of structure of nervous system |
| Part of neuron that conducts toward cell body | dendrite (receives) |
| Part of neuron that conducts away from cell body | axon (sends) |
| Cell bodies inside the CNS | gray matter |
| Axons inside the CNS | white matter |
| Cell bodies outside the CNS | ganglia |
| Two primary functions of the spinal cord | connect parts of PNS to the brain; responsible for simple reflexes |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| How many cranial nerves | 12 pairs |
| Is Post Polio Syndrome a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | LMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Post Polio Syndrome? | fatigue, increased weakness of muscles, atrophy, joint pain, deformities |
| Is Guillain-Barre a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | LMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Gullain-Barre? | pain/tenderness of muscles, weakness, atrophy, sensory loss |
| Is Myasthenia Gravis a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | LMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Myasthenia Gravis? | weakness and abnormal fatigue of skeletal muscle (especially eyes) but may involve limbs, death usually results due to respiratory complication |
| Are muscular dystrophies LMN or UMN dysfunction? | LMN |
| What symptoms are associated with muscular dystrophies? | vary by type, severity and prognosis look different case by case |
| Is Alzheimer's Disease a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | UMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Alzheimer's? | dementia, slow degenerative disease, ultimately results in death, memory loss, inability to regulate emotions, personality shifts, difficulty with speech |
| Is Multiple Sclerosis a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | UMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Multiple Sclerosis? | autoimmune condition, course of disease variable and unpredictable, fatigue, visual/cognitive/emotional disturbances, decreased postural control, tremor, spasticity, heat intolerance |
| Is Huntington's Disease a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | UMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Huntington's Disease? | affects voluntary and involuntary movement, chorea, rigidity, cognitive/behavioral/psychological changes, depression, death |
| Is Parkinson's Disease a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | UMN |
| What symptoms are associated with Parkinson's Disease? | tremor, skeletal muscle rigidity, change in gait pattern (shuffle), decreased motor skills, depression, memory deficits |
| Is ALS a LMN or UMN dysfunction? | can be both |
| What symptoms are associated with ALS? | affects voluntary muscles, motor incoordination, focal weakness, slurred speech, emotional lability, fasciculations |
| Do UMN or LMN dysfunction result in spasticity? | UMN |
| Do UMN or LMN dysfunction result in weakness? | LMN |
| Collection of nerve cells inside CNS | nuclei |
| Collection of nerve cells outside the CNS | ganglia |
| Excitable cell that receives/ sends signals | neuron |
| Chemical substance that transmits impulses between neurons | neurotransmitter |
| Portion of a neuron that transmits signals | axon |
| Conveys a sensory signal | afferent |
| Conveys a motor signal | efferent |
| Space between neurons where communication occurs | synapse |
| Carry impulses toward cell body | dendrite |
| Are spinal nerves sensory or motor? | mixed |
| Are cranial nerves sensory or motor? | some are sensory only, some are motor only, some are mixed |
| Which anatomical system of the nervous system do the cranial nerves belong in? | PNS |
| What is located in the dorsal root ganglion? | sensory fibers that are coming down and out |
| What does ganglion mean? | a group of cell bodies outside the CNS, meaning they are part of the PNS |
| What direction do pathways carrying sensory information travel? | up the spinal cord to the brain |
| What direction do pathways carrying motor information travel? | down the spinal cord to the cell body of neurons |
| What is the primary function of the cerebellum? | regulation, coordination of movement, posture, and balance |
| What structure of the CNS is responsible for basic life functions? | brain stem |
| Define neuroplasticity | brain's wiring can change based on life experiences |
| What is paresis? | muscle weakness |
| Define fasciculation | twitch in small muscle, involuntary |
| What is the effect of injury to UMN on voluntary movement? | paralysis |
| What is the effect of injury to LMN on voluntary movement? | paralysis |
| Define microphagia | abnormally small handwriting |
| Define emotional lability | emotional inconsistency, emotion doesn't connect with the circumstance |
| What is the best way to slow progression of symptoms for dementia? | exercise |
| What is the right side of the brain associated with? | logic, visual, spatial, problem-solving |
| What is the left side of the brain associated with? | language, colors, music |
| All sensory axons pass into the... | dorsal root ganglia |
| What is adiadochokinedsia? | inability to perform rapid, alternating movements |
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