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WVSOM GI
WVSOM GI Absorbtion of proteins, carbs, and fats
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteins are broken down to what before they are absorbed | amino acids |
| Surcose is broken down to what before it is absorbed | glucose and fructose |
| What else besides bring enzymes into contact with the food, does mixing accomplish | brings food in contact with brush border |
| What are fats broken down into | Free FA's and 2-monoglyceride |
| Most absorbtion takes place where? | duodenum |
| Where is B12 absorbed | ilium |
| where does digestion begin | mouth via salivary amylase |
| what types of bond does amylase break | 1,4 glycosidic |
| what pH does amylase work best at | 7 |
| Amylase is secreted in what form. Active or inactive | active |
| Glucoamylase (maltase) does what | removes glucose monomers for transport from maltotriose or maltose |
| What are the products of amylase digestion | maltose, maltotriose, and a-limit dextrin |
| SGLT1 does what | acts as a co-transporter for glucose/galactose and Na+ |
| GLUT5 is a channel for what monomer | fructose |
| GLUT2 does what | moves all monomers into the interstital space from the epithelial cells |
| What is the absorbtion of monomers driven by | The gradient created by basolaeral tranport |
| Poor nutrient absorbtion can be caused by what | maldigestion OR malabsorbtion (or both) |
| Meals high in sugar tend to have early or delayed gastric emptying | delayed |
| What is the rate limiting step of absorbtion | Uptake, not hydolysis |
| Regulators of intestinal phase | CCK, Vagus, and Secretin |
| Name three endopeptidases | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, Elastase |
| Name two carboxypeptidases | Carboxypeptidase A and B |
| Enterokinase is relased from the brushborder by what | bile salts |
| Trypsin acts as an inhibitor and | activator |
| What is the precusor to Trypsin | Trypsinogen |
| What is the precursor to chymotrypsin | chymotrypsinogen |
| Is the release of pancreatic proteases sufficent to to prepare all proteins for absorbtion | NO! |
| Are pancreatic proteases secreted in an active or inactive form | inactive |
| What activates pancreatic protease precursors | trypsinogen activaition by enterokinase |
| What must happen to olgiopeptides for them to cross the basolateral border | Cleavage into single aminoacids |
| Olgiopeptides are co-tranported with what to cross into the epithelium | H+ |
| Amino acids are co-tranported with what to cross into the epithelium | Na+ |
| Are larger or smaller peptides absorbed faster | larger |
| Too much build up of cholesterol and/or billirubin can cause the formation of what | stones |
| Is the reabsorbtion of NaCl and bicarb in the gallbladder isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic | isotonic |
| What are the five processes in lipid assimilation | 1. Secretion of Bile and various lipases2. Emuslification3. Ezymatic hydrolysis of ester bonds4. Solubilization of lipolytic products within bile salts micelles5. Transportation into and out of the enterocyte |
| What is emulsification | suspension of fat droplets |
| What does emulsification do | increases surface area of lipids |
| Which two lipases are acid tolerable | lingual lipase and food lipases |
| Does CCK inhibit or activate gastric emptying | inhibits |
| ACh causes a _______ of the gallbladder | release |
| Fat stimulates the release of ______ | CCK |
| Acid stimulates the release of ________ | secretin |
| Acinar cells release ________ | enzymes |
| Ductal and centroacinar cells release_______ | H20 and Bicarb |
| Problems with lipid digestion can be associated with which vitamins | A, E and D |
| What are the endogenous lipids | Cholesterol, phospholipids, and desquamated intestinal villus epithelial cells |
| What are the exogenous lipids | Triglycerides (90%), cholesterol, phospholipids |
| What are fatty acids and other lipid degredation products eventually converted into | triglycerides |
| Where do fat droplets form in the cell | smooth ER |
| Apoproteins are made in the ________ and then trnasported to the sER to associate with ________ | rER, lipids |
| In what cell organelle are colymicrons and VLDL's made | Golgi (does glycosalation) |
| What molecules pass through the enterocyte and go directly to the blood | glycerol along with short and medium chain fatty acids |
| Most fat absorbtion is done in which part of the small intestine | Duodenum |
| Whipples disease is.... | Inability to get colymicrons to the lympthatics |
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lowryc
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