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WVSOM -- Biochem
WVSOM -- Molecular Aspects of Oncology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is metastatic lung cancer? | Cancer that started in the lungs and traveled other places. |
| What do cancer cells do to normal cells? | Out compete the normal cells. |
| What must cancer do to survive? | Self sufficient growth signals insensitivity to anti-growth signals Tissue invasion and metastasis Sustained antiogenesis Evasion of aptosis Limitless replicative potential |
| How many mutations are needed for cancer? | more than 1 |
| Process of cell transformation (4) | One mutation. The mutation induces a hyperproliferative state. A second mutation occurs leading to a cancer cell. Metastasis. |
| Explain Metastasis | Tumor degrades the basement membrane, go thru the extracelluar matrix and enter the blood supply. |
| How are growth factors proto-oncogenes? | 1. Growth factors and GF receptors 2. GF receptor must bind to GF and activate downstream signal tranduction pathways. 3. Signal tranduction proteins go out of control and growthfactor doesn't stop |
| What is a proto-oncogene? | A gene that can be mutated into an oncogene |
| What is an oncogene? | A gene that will enable cells to become self-transformated. |
| What are tumor suppressors? | Proteins that inhibit tumor growth |
| What is pRB? | protein Retnoblastoma |
| What does retnoblastoma do? | Inhibits E2F |
| What is E2F | Forces cell from G1 to S phase |
| What is retinoblastoma? | Autosomal recessive trait. Deletion on chromosome 13. Cannot make retinoblastoma so tumors develop. |
| What does p53 do? | Senses DNA damage adn also induces p21 |
| What does p21 do? | Inhibits the cell cycle |
| What happens if Ras is being over expressed? | It is going to continuously have more DNA expression and cause uncontrolled growth. |
| What is Hedgehog? | Will bind to a transmembrane protein and increase gene expression and cell proliferation. |
| What family of glycoproteins mediates oncogenesis? | Cadherins. It is a tumor suppressor |
| RAS and RB do what to tumors? | cause them |
| What is apoptosis? | cell death |
| What is an example of anti-apoptosis? | Bcl-2 |
| What is a pro-apoptosis protein? | Bax |
| In cancer what protein is over expressed when apoptosis is the problem? | Bcl-2 |
| What is the multiple hit hypothesis? | Mutations have to have multiple hits in the cell for it to be cancer |
| How does smoking cause cancer? | Benzopyrine changes the base pairing in DNA so it mutates the cell |
| How do moldy peanuts cause cancer? | Produces a toxin that reacts with the N7 group of guanosine. |
| How does hereditary breast cancer occur? | Repair of double strand breaks by homologous recombination. |
| How does Xeroderma pigmemtosum occur? | UV light. Nucleotide excision repair is inhibited. |
| How do telomeres affect cancer? | Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis. |
| How do telomeres affect cancer? | Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis. |
| What is Burkit Lymphoma? | Translocation mutation |
| What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia? | Portion of chromosome 9 is replaced with chromosome 22 causing a shifting in genes. Looses regulation. |
Created by:
tjamrose
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