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The skin
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Chapter 6 A & P

Integumentary System

TermDefinition
The skin 1. composed of several kinds of tissues 2.a protective covering that prevents many harmful substances from entering the body 3. retards water loss and helps regulate body temperature
The skin (continued) 4.houses sensory receptors and contains immune system cells 5. synthesizes vitamin D and excretes a small amount of waste products.
two distinct layers of skin 1. epidermis 2. dermis
epidermis 1.outer layer 2. composed of stratified squamous epithelium
dermis 1. inner layer 2. made up of connective tissues, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood
basement membrane separates the two skin layers
subcutaneous layer 1. beneath the dermis 2. composed of loose connective tissues and adipose tissues 3. contains major blood vessels that supply the skin
No sharp boundary separates the dermis and subcutaneous layer because the fibers of the dermis are continuous with the fibers of the subcutaneous layer
adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer insulates the body
epidermis lacks blood vessels
stratum basale 1. deepest layer of the epidermis 2. nourished by blood vessels in the dermis 3. Cells can divide and grow because they are nourished so well
When new cells enlarge they push old epidermal cells away from the dermis toward the surface of skin
The farther the cells are moved the poorer their nutrient supply becomes and eventually they die
keratinocytes 1. Older skin cells 2. held together with desmosomes
Keratinization 1.the accumulation of keratin in epidermal cells which hardens the epidermis 2. result is many layers of tough, tightly packed cells accumulate in the epidermis
stratum corneum outermost layer of the epidermis
thickest epidermis palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
Most areas of epidermis have 4 layers
four layers (Deepest to outermost) 1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum germinativum 4. stratum corneum
stratum lucidum An additional layer is in thickened skin of the palms and soles
production of epidermal cells (Healthy skin) balanced with loss of dead cells from the stratum corneum
rate of cell division increases where the skin is frequently rubbed or pressed
Calluses a thickening of the stratum corneum
Corns keratinized conical masses on the toes.
melanocytes 1. Specialized cells in the epidermis produce melanin 2. lie in the stratum basale and in the underlying connective tissues of the dermis
Melanin 1. provides skin color 2. absorbs UV radiation
cytocrine secretion a process by which the extensions of melanocytes transfer melanin granules to epidermal cells
The boundary between the dermis and epidermis is uneven because the epidermis projects inward and the dermis has papillae between the ridges of the epidermis.
Fingerprints form from the undulations of the dermis and epidermis at the distal end of the palmar surface of a finger
dermis 1. binds the epidermis to the underlying tissues 2. largely composed of irregular dense connective tissue that includes tough collagenous fibers & elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance
dermis (continued) 3. contains smooth muscles that can wrinkle the skin of the scrotum.
smooth muscle of the skin associated with hair follicles
skeletal muscles In the face are anchored to the dermis
Nerve cell processes are scattered throughout the dermis
Pacinian corpuscles stimulated by heavy pressure
Meissner’s corpuscles stimulated by light touch
melanocytes Regardless of racial origin, all people have about the same number in their skin
Differences in skin color 1. result from the differences in the amount of melanin melanocytes produce 2. The more melanin produced, the darker the skin 3. The distribution and size of pigment granules within melanocytes
Environmental factors 1. sunlight, ultraviolet light from sunlamps, and X-rays affect skin color 2. stimulate melanocytes to produce more pigment and transfer it to nearby epidermal cells within a few days
Tans fade as pigmented epidermal cells become keratinized and wear away
When blood is well oxygenated the blood pigment hemoglobin is bright red and the skin of light-complexioned people appears pink
When blood oxygen concentration is low hemoglobin is dark red and the skin appears bluish
If dermal blood vessels are dilated more blood enters skin and skin appears pinkish or reddish
If dermal blood vessels are constricted more blood enters the dermis, and causes reddening the skin of a light-complexioned person
Carotene 1. a yellow-orange pigment found in certain vegetables 2. can give skin a yellowish color
Hair 1. present on all skin surfaces except the palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external reproductive organs 2. composed of dead epidermal cells
hair follicle 1. a group of epidermal cells at the base of a tubelike depression in the dermis of skin 2. extends from the surface of skin into the dermis
hair root the portion of hair embedded in skin
hair papilla 1.a projection of connective tissue at the end of the hair follicle. 2. It contains blood vessels
hair shaft the portion of hair that extends from the surface of skin
Baldness results when hairs fall out and are not replaced
hair color Genes determine by directing the type and amount of pigment that epidermal melanocytes produce
Dark hair has more melanin than blond hair
White hair of people with albinism lacks melanin
Red hair contains an iron pigment called trichosiderin
Hairs appear gray from a mix of pigmented and unpigmented cells
arrector pili muscle 1. a band of smooth muscle 2. attaches to hair follicles
Goose bumps produced when arrector pili muscles contract
Nails 1. protective coverings on the ends of fingers and toes 2. consists of a nail plate that overlies a surface of skin called the nail bed
lunula of a nail the whitish, thickened, half-moon shaped region at the base of a nail plate with the most active growth
Sebaceous glands 1. contain groups of specialized epithelial cells and are associated with hair follicles 2. holocrine glands and their cells produce sebum
Sebaceous glands (continued) 3. not found on palms and soles 4. open directly onto the surface of the skin in some regions, such as the lips, corners of the mouth, and parts of the external reproductive organs
Sebum 1. a mixture of fatty material and cellular debris 2. secreted into hair follicles and helps keep hair and skin soft, pliable and waterproof
sudoriferous glands 1. sweat glands 2. consists of a tiny tube in the dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer
eccrine glands 1. most numerous sweat glands 2. respond to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or exercise 3. common on the forehead, neck, and back
pore the opening of a sweat gland duct
Sweat contains water, wastes, and salts
Apocrine glands 1. become active at puberty 2. can wet certain areas of skin when a person is nervous or stressed. 3. most numerous in the axillary regions, groin, and around the nipples
Ceruminous glands of the external ear canal secrete ear wax
Mammary glands secrete milk
Regulation of body temperature important because even slight shifts can disrupt the rates of metabolic reactions
A normal temperature of deeper body parts remains close to 37oC
Heat a product of cellular metabolism
When body temperature rises above the set point nerve impulses stimulate structures in the skin and other organs to release heat
During physical activity active muscles release heat, which the blood carries away
When warmed blood reaches the hypothalamus muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels relax
As dermal blood vessels dilate heat escapes to the outside world
Skin reddens because dermal blood vessels are dilated
radiation 1. The primary means of body heat loss 2. the spread of infrared heat from warm surfaces to cooler surroundings
Conduction the movement of heat into molecules of cooler objects
Convection the continuous circulation of air over a warm surface
Evaporation the change of a liquid to a gas
When sweat evaporates it carries heat away from the skin surface
When body temperature falls below the set point muscles of dermal blood vessels constrict which decreases the flow of blood through the skin.
When body temperature falls sweat glands become inactive
When body temperature continues to fall small groups of muscles contract rhythmically to produce shivering
Hyperthermia a rise in body temperature
If air temperature is high heat loss by radiation is less effective
Hypothermia 1. a low body temperature 2. can result from prolonged exposure to cold or as part of an illness 3.can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, and loss of consciousness
higher risk for developing hypothermia Elderly, very thin individuals, homeless and the very young
Inflammation 1. a normal response to injury or stress 2. blood vessels dilate and become more permeable
Inflamed skin may become reddened, swollen, warm, and painful to the touch
The dilated blood vessels provide the tissues with more nutrients and oxygen, which aids healing
The specific events of healing depend on the nature and extent of the injury
If a break in the skin is shallow epithelial cells are stimulated to divide more rapidly than normal
If a cut extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer blood vessels break and the escaping blood forms a clot
A clot consists mainly of fibrin, plasma, blood cells, and platelets.
A scab a blood clot and dried fluids
Fibroblasts migrate into the injured area and begin forming new collagenous fibers that bind the edges of the wound together
Connective tissue matrix releases growth factors that stimulate certain cells to divide and regenerate damaged tissues
As healing continues blood vessels extend into the area beneath the scab
Phagocytic cells remove dead cells and other debris
A scar results when the wound is extensive
A granulation consists of a branch of a blood vessel, and a cluster of collagen-secreting fibroblasts
A first degree burn one that only affects the epidermis
A second degree burn 1.one that affects a part of the dermis and epidermis 2. Blisters appear in second degree burns 3. depends on accessory structures of the skin that survive the burn
A third degree burn 1. one that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and the accessory structures 2.the skin becomes dry and leathery
A third degree burn (continued) 3. If extensive, treatment may involve removing a thin layer of skin from an unburned region of the body and transplanting it to the injured area.
An autograft a graft from the same person
A homograft a graft from a cadaver
Skin substitutes 1. amniotic membranes 2. membranes of silicone 3. polyurethane 4. nylon
The treatment of a burn patient requires estimating the extent of the body’s surface that is affected
the rule of nines 1. physicians use estimate 2. divides the skin’s surface into 11 areas of 9% each
Aging skin affects 1. appearance 2. temperature regulation 3. vitamin D production
Age spots or liver spots patches of pigments
The dermis becomes reduced as synthesis of the connective tissue proteins collagen and elastin slows
Wrinkling and sagging skin skin result from the shrinking of the dermis and loss of fat from the subcutaneous layer
Skin becomes drier because sebaceous glands produce less oil
Slowed melanin production causes gray or white hair
Nail growth is impaired because the blood supply to the nail beds is diminished
Sensitivity to pain and pressure diminishes with age
An older person is less able to tolerate heat because the sweat glands and hair follicles shrink, and the number of dermal blood vessels decreases
Vitamin D necessary for bone tissue to absorb calcium
Created by: bturner1471
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