Integumentary System
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| The skin | show 🗑
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| show | 4.houses sensory receptors and contains immune system cells
5. synthesizes vitamin D and excretes a small amount of waste products.
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| two distinct layers of skin | show 🗑
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| epidermis | show 🗑
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| show | 1. inner layer
2. made up of connective tissues, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood
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| show | separates the two skin layers
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| subcutaneous layer | show 🗑
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| No sharp boundary separates the dermis and subcutaneous layer | show 🗑
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| adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer | show 🗑
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| epidermis | show 🗑
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| stratum basale | show 🗑
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| When new cells enlarge | show 🗑
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| show | the poorer their nutrient supply becomes and eventually they die
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| keratinocytes | show 🗑
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| show | 1.the accumulation of keratin in epidermal cells which hardens the epidermis
2. result is many layers of tough, tightly packed cells
accumulate in the epidermis
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| show | outermost layer of the epidermis
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| thickest epidermis | show 🗑
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| show | have 4 layers
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| show | 1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum germinativum
4. stratum corneum
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| show | An additional layer is in thickened skin of the palms and soles
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| show | balanced with loss of dead cells from the stratum corneum
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| show | where the skin is frequently rubbed or pressed
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| Calluses | show 🗑
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| show | keratinized conical masses on the toes.
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| melanocytes | show 🗑
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| Melanin | show 🗑
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| cytocrine secretion | show 🗑
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| The boundary between the dermis and epidermis is | show 🗑
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| show | from the undulations of the dermis and epidermis at the distal end of the palmar surface of a finger
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| show | 1. binds the epidermis to the underlying tissues
2. largely composed of irregular dense connective tissue that includes tough collagenous fibers & elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance
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| dermis (continued) | show 🗑
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| smooth muscle of the skin | show 🗑
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| show | In the face are anchored to the dermis
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| show | processes are scattered throughout the dermis
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| show | stimulated by heavy pressure
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| Meissner’s corpuscles | show 🗑
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| melanocytes | show 🗑
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| show | 1. result from the differences in the amount of melanin melanocytes produce
2. The more melanin produced, the darker the skin
3. The distribution and size of pigment granules within melanocytes
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| show | 1. sunlight, ultraviolet light from sunlamps, and X-rays affect skin color
2. stimulate melanocytes to produce more pigment and transfer it to nearby epidermal cells within a few days
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| Tans | show 🗑
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| When blood is well oxygenated | show 🗑
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| When blood oxygen concentration is low | show 🗑
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| show | more blood enters skin and skin appears pinkish or reddish
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| If dermal blood vessels are constricted | show 🗑
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| show | 1. a yellow-orange pigment found in certain vegetables
2. can give skin a yellowish color
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| Hair | show 🗑
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| hair follicle | show 🗑
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| show | the portion of hair embedded in skin
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| hair papilla | show 🗑
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| hair shaft | show 🗑
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| show | results when hairs fall out and are not replaced
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| hair color | show 🗑
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| Dark hair | show 🗑
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| White hair of people with albinism | show 🗑
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| Red hair | show 🗑
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| Hairs appear gray | show 🗑
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| arrector pili muscle | show 🗑
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| Goose bumps | show 🗑
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| Nails | show 🗑
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| show | the whitish, thickened, half-moon shaped region at the base of a nail plate with the most active growth
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| show | 1. contain groups of specialized epithelial cells and are associated with hair follicles
2. holocrine glands and their cells produce sebum
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| Sebaceous glands (continued) | show 🗑
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| Sebum | show 🗑
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| sudoriferous glands | show 🗑
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| eccrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | the opening of a sweat gland duct
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| show | contains water, wastes, and salts
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| Apocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | of the external ear canal secrete ear wax
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| Mammary glands | show 🗑
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| show | important because even slight shifts can disrupt the rates of metabolic reactions
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| A normal temperature of deeper body parts | show 🗑
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| show | a product of cellular metabolism
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| show | nerve impulses stimulate structures in the skin and other organs to release heat
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| During physical activity | show 🗑
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| When warmed blood reaches the hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| As dermal blood vessels dilate | show 🗑
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| Skin reddens | show 🗑
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| show | 1. The primary means of body heat loss
2. the spread of infrared heat from warm surfaces to cooler surroundings
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| show | the movement of heat into molecules of cooler objects
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| Convection | show 🗑
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| show | the change of a liquid to a gas
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| show | it carries heat away from the skin surface
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| When body temperature falls below the set point | show 🗑
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| When body temperature falls | show 🗑
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| show | small groups of muscles contract rhythmically to produce shivering
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| show | a rise in body temperature
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| If air temperature is high | show 🗑
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| show | 1. a low body temperature
2. can result from prolonged exposure to cold or as part of an illness
3.can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, and loss of consciousness
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| higher risk for developing hypothermia | show 🗑
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| Inflammation | show 🗑
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| show | may become reddened, swollen, warm, and painful to the touch
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| The dilated blood vessels | show 🗑
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| show | on the nature and extent of the injury
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| show | epithelial cells are stimulated to divide more rapidly than normal
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| show | blood vessels break and the escaping blood forms a clot
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| A clot | show 🗑
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| A scab | show 🗑
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| Fibroblasts | show 🗑
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| show | releases growth factors that stimulate certain cells to divide and regenerate damaged tissues
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| show | blood vessels extend into the area beneath the scab
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| Phagocytic cells | show 🗑
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| A scar | show 🗑
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| A granulation | show 🗑
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| A first degree burn | show 🗑
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| show | 1.one that affects a part of the dermis and epidermis
2. Blisters appear in second degree burns
3. depends on accessory structures of the skin that survive the burn
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| A third degree burn | show 🗑
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| A third degree burn (continued) | show 🗑
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| An autograft | show 🗑
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| A homograft | show 🗑
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| Skin substitutes | show 🗑
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| show | the extent of the body’s surface that is affected
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| show | 1. physicians use estimate
2. divides the skin’s surface into 11 areas of 9% each
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| Aging skin affects | show 🗑
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| show | patches of pigments
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| show | synthesis of the connective tissue proteins collagen and elastin slows
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| Wrinkling and sagging skin | show 🗑
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| Skin becomes drier | show 🗑
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| show | causes gray or white hair
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| Nail growth is impaired | show 🗑
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| Sensitivity to pain and pressure | show 🗑
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| show | because the sweat glands and hair follicles shrink, and the number of dermal blood vessels decreases
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| show | necessary for bone tissue to absorb calcium
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