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Literary Styles/Eras
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amatory fiction | Romantic fiction written in the 17th century and 18th century, primarily written by women. |
| Amatory fiction | Eliza Haywood, Delarivier Manley |
| Cavalier Poets | 17th century English royalist poets, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson). |
| Cavalier Poets | Richard Lovelace, William Davenant |
| Metaphysical poets | 17th century English movement using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion. |
| Metaphysical poets | John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell |
| The Augustans | An 18th century literary movement based chiefly on classical ideals, satire and skepticism. |
| The Augustans | Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift |
| Romanticism | 18th to 19th century movement emphasizing emotion and imagination, rather than logic and scientific thought. Response to the Enlightenment. |
| Romanticism | Victor Hugo, Lord Byron |
| Gothic novel | • Fiction in which Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural and in violence. |
| Gothic novel | Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker |
| Lake Poets | • A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime. |
| Lake Poets | William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge |
| American Romanticism | Distinct from European Romanticism, the American form emerged somewhat later, was based more in fiction than in poetry, and incorporated a (sometimes almost suffocating) awareness of history, particularly the darkest aspects of American history. |
| American Romanticism | Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne |
| Pre-Raphaelitism | 19th century, primarily English movement based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Many were both painters and poets. |
| Pre-Raphaelitism | Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti |
| Transcendentalism | 19th century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology. |
| Transcendentalism | Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau |
| Dark romanticism | 19th century American movement in reaction to Transcendentalism. Finds man inherently sinful and self-destructive and nature a dark, mysterious force. |
| Dark romanticism | Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, George Lippard |
| Realism | Late-19th century movement based on a simplification of style and image and an interest in poverty and everyday concerns. |
| Realism | Gustave Flaubert, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, Frank Norris |
| Naturalism | Also late 19th century. Proponents of this movement believe heredity and environment control people. |
| Naturalism | Émile Zola, Stephen Crane |
| Symbolism | Principally French movement of the fin de siècle based on the structure of thought rather than poetic form or image; influential for English language poets from Edgar Allan Poe to James Merrill. |
| Symbolism | Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry |
| Stream of consciousness | Early-20th century fiction consisting of literary representations of quotidian thought, without authorial presence. |
| Stream of consciousness | Virginia Woolf, James Joyce |
| Modernism | Variegated movement of the early 20th century, encompassing primitivism, formal innovation, or reaction to science and technology. |
| Modernism | T. S. Eliot, H.D. |
| The Lost Generation | It was traditionally attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises, and his memoir A Moveable Feast. It refers to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and othe |
| The Lost Generation | F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Waldo Pierce |
| Dada | Touted by its proponents as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions. |
| Dada | Guillaume Apollinaire, Kurt Schwitters |
| First World War Poets | Poets who documented both the idealism and the horrors of the war and the period in which it took place. |
| First World War Poets | Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke |
| Imagism | Poetry based on description rather than theme, and on the motto, "the natural object is always the adequate symbol." |
| Imagism | Ezra Pound, Elizabeth Bishop, Richard Aldington |
| Harlem Renaissance | •African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore, based in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the 1920s. |
| Harlem Renaissance | Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston |
| Confessional poetry | • Poetry that, often brutally, exposes the self as part of an aesthetic of the beauty and power of human frailty. |
| Confessional poetry | Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath |
| New York School | Urban, gay or gay-friendly, leftist poets, writers, and painters of the 1960s. |
| New York School | Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery |
| Magical Realism | • Literary movement in which magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances. Most often associated with the Latin American literary boom of the 20th century. |
| Magical Realism | Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass, Julio Cortázar |
| Postcolonialism | • A diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged. |
| Postcolonialism | Jamaica Kincaid, V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Wole Soyinka |
| Postmodernism | • Postwar movement skeptical of absolutes and embracing diversity, irony, and word play. |
| Postmodernism | Jorge Luis Borges, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray |
| Beat poets | • American movement of the 1950s and '60s concerned with counterculture and youthful alienation. |
| Beat poets | Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey |
| Southern Agrarians | • A group of Southern American poets, based originally at Vanderbilt University, who expressly repudiated many modernist developments in favor of metrical verse and narrative. Some Southern Agrarians were also associated with the New Criticism. |
| Southern Agrarians | John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren |
| Surrealism | • Originally a French movement, influenced by Surrealist painting, that uses surprising images and transitions to play off of formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind. |
| Surrealism | Jean Cocteau, Dylan Thomas |
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