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Wiles-Nucleic Acids
Burris--Nucleic Acids--Modules 11 & 12 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nitrogen bases that have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms are called _____. | pyrimidines |
| What is the first step of DNA replication? | Helicase unwinds or "unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases |
| The spiral staircase shape of DNA is referred to as a(n) ________________. | double helix |
| The point at which the 2 strands of DNA separate during replication is called the _______. | replication fork |
| What is another term for a protein? | polypeptide chain |
| What is the general ending for an amino acid? | -ine |
| Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell? | nucleus |
| What are the 3 types of RNA? | messenger (mRNA); transfer (tRNA); and ribosomal (rRNA) |
| Where does tRNA acquire the amino acids that it brings to the ribosome? | cytoplasm or the amino acid pool within the cytosol |
| How many codons are possible when combining the 4 nitrogen bases of mRNA? | 64 |
| If 1 DNA molecule replicates 5 times, how many DNA molecules will there be when done? | 32 |
| What enzyme in DNA replication brings in complementary nitrogen bases and joins them to make a new strand? | DNA polymerase |
| Transcription continues one nucleotide at a time until the RNA polymerase reaches a DNA region called the ________. | termination signal |
| What does a lethal mutation mean? | There is a change in the DNA sequence that will cause death. |
| What one factor determines the shape of a protein? | the sequence of amino acids |
| After DNA is proofread and repaired, the error rate is usually 1 error per ____ nucleotides. | one billion |
| Is DNA right or left twisted? | right |
| Where are hydrogen bonds in a molecule of DNA? | holding the nitrogen bases together |
| Wht is the start mRNA codon? | AUG |
| What type of RNA carries genetic information on protein making from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome? | mRNA |
| If a DNA molecule is 20% guanine, what is the percentage of the other three nitrogen bases individually? | 20% cytosine, 30% adenine, and 30% thymine |
| The start codon codes for what amino acid? | methionine |
| What is the general ending for an enzyme's name? | -ase |
| What function is carried out by those few codons that do NOT code for an amino acid? | to stop translation |
| True or false. Every body (somatic) cell in an organism should have the same exact DNA. | true |
| What process name studied in chapter 10 literally means "to write across" when translated from Latin? | transcription |
| What is the site called in transcription which marks the beginning of the DNA chain that will be transcribed? | promoter site |
| Give three structural differences between DNA and RNA. | DNA is two stranded while RNA is only 1 stranded; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while the sugar in RNA is ribose; and in DNA adenine bonds with thymine while in RNA there is no thymine. Rather, adenine bonds with uracil. |
| True or false. When replication is completed, 4 new exact copies of the original DNA molecule is produced. | false |
| What is the name of the primary enzyme in transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| True or false. An amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon. | true |
| True or false. Replication of a eukaryotic organism's DNA begins at one end of the molecule and proceeds to the other end. | false |
| Who first published a paper proposing a model for the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| In what year was the first paper published suggesting a mdoel for DNA? | 1953 |
| What is the name of the sugar in DNA? | deoxyribose |
| What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA by name? | adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| Three tRNA nucleotides comprises a(n) ____. | anticodon |
| Where are the proteins which are exported from a cell produced? | ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER |
| Each strand of DNA serves as a pattern or a _____ in building complementary strands during replication. | template |
| What process copies genetic information from DNA to RNA? | transcription |
| Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell? | ribosome |
| The process of assembling proteins from information encoded in mRNA is called ____. | translation |
| By name, what are the four nitrogen bases of RNA? | adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine |
| What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide? | sugar (deoxyribose); phosphate group; and a nitrogen base |
| What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein? | peptide bond |
| What type of a bond connects the sugar and phosphate backbone of DNA? | covalent bond |
| What 2 substances comprise DNA's backbone? | sugar and phosphate |
| Three mRNA nucleotides is called a(n) ___. | codon |
| What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis? | ribosome |
| Give the complementary base pairing rules for DNA. | A-T and G-C |
| mRNA codons are UAAUGC. What is the sequence of the DNA template from which it was produced? | ATTACG |
| How many different amino acids are possible? | 20 |
| A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is called a(n) _____. | mutation |
| Give the complementary base pair rulings for RNA. | A-U and G-C |
| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic acid |
| If a mRNA sequence is UAAUGC, what are the 2 anticodons of tRNA? | AUUACG |
| What is the name of the sugar in RNA? | ribose |
| Where in a cell does DNA replication occur in a eukaryote? | nucleus |
| The process of copying DNA in a cell is called ______. | replication |
| If one strand of DNA is ATTCGC, what is the sequence of the other DNA strand? | TAAGCG |
| What are the simple units (monomers) of proteins called? | amino acids |
| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What enzyme causes the 2 strands of DNA to separate during replication? | helicase |
| Name the 2 pyrimidines of DNA. | cytosine and thymine |
| What scientist primarily conducted the X-ray diffraction photographs such as Photo 51 that were used to indicate DNA's structure? | Rosalind Franklin |
| What amino acid is found in large quantities in turkey meat? It is responsible for making you sleepy after your big Thanksgiving feast. | tryptophan |
| Name the 2 purines of DNA. | adenine and guanine |
| Nitrogen bases that have 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms are called _____. | purines |
| Why is double helix a good term to describe the structure of DNA? | there are two strands twisted together |
| What amino acid can PKU patients not break down? | phenylalanine |
| What type of RNA is globular in shape? | rRNA |
| What type of RNA is a long strand? | mRNA |
| What type of RNA does the book describe as a hairpin shape? | tRNA |
| Give two locations for ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell. | Floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the outer surfaces of rough ER |
| DNA comprises genes which in term comprises chromosomes. How many chromosomes should there normally be within the body (somatic) cells of humans? | 46 |
| Frederick Griffith was trying to develop a vaccine against what virulent bacteria? | Streptococcus pneumoniae. The bacteria that causes the lung disease pneumonia in animals. |
| What did Hershey and Chase conclude in their experiments? | DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses |
| What did Oswald Avery conclude in his experiments? | DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria |
| What is a virus that invades bacteria called? | bacteriophage |
| What does transformation mean? | Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another or from one organism to another organism |
| What are the monomers of DNA and RNA? | Nucleotides |
| How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine? | 3 |
| Where does DNA replication occur in a prokaryote? | in the cytoplasm |
| What three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work on the structure of DNA? | Watson, Crick, and Wilkins |
| What scientist determined the complementary base pairing for DNA? | Erwin Chargaff |
| Adenine and thymine pair to each other by how many hydrogen bonds? | 2 |
| How many carbon atoms does deoxyribose and ribose contain? | 5 because these sugars are pentoses |
| The two DNA strands run in opposite directions....one strand is oriented from 5 prime to 3 prime while the opposite strand is oriented 3 prime to 5 prime. What term refers to this description? | antiparallel orientation |
| What is meant by semiconservative replication? | Parental strands of DNA separate, both serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA |
| When does DNA replication occur during the cell cycle? | the S phase of interphase |
| During DNA replication, RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA on each strand called a(n) ______. | RNA primer |
| What is a replication fork? | The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a 'Y' shape called a replication 'fork' |
| The lagging strand of DNA during replication is replicated discontinuously. What are the small segments called which are formed during this discontinuous replication? | Okazaki fragments |
| What enzyme connects the Okazaki fragments during replication? | DNA ligase |
| What is the number and orientation of chromosome(s) in a eukaryote? | multiple linear chromosomes |
| What is the number and orientation of chromosome(s) in a prokaryote? | single circular chromosome |
| What type of RNA transport amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis? | tRNA |
| What type of RNA is a component of a ribosome? | rRNA |
| What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm? | mRNA |
| True or false? The Human Genome Project , which started in 1990, was never completed. | False. The Human Genome Project was completed in April 2003. |
| HeLa cells are named for what person? | Henrietta Lacks |
| What are body cells known as? | Somatic cells |
| True or false? Somatic cell mutations are passed on to the next generation, | False. Sex cell or germ cell mutations are passed on to the next generation but somatic cell mutations are NOT passed on to the next generation. |
| Substances which cause mutations are called ________. | mutagens |
| Name two common mutagens. | Certain chemicals in the environment and high energy forms of radiation such as X-rays |
| What type of mutations are known as frame shift mutations? | Deletion and insertion mutation |
| For a eukaryote, where does replication and transcription occur in a cell? | In the nucleus |
Created by:
lburris
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