Burris--Nucleic Acids--Modules 11 & 12 Review
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| Nitrogen bases that have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms are called _____. | pyrimidines
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| What is the first step of DNA replication? | Helicase unwinds or "unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
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| The spiral staircase shape of DNA is referred to as a(n) ________________. | double helix
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| The point at which the 2 strands of DNA separate during replication is called the _______. | replication fork
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| What is another term for a protein? | polypeptide chain
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| What is the general ending for an amino acid? | -ine
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| Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell? | nucleus
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| What are the 3 types of RNA? | messenger (mRNA); transfer (tRNA); and ribosomal (rRNA)
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| Where does tRNA acquire the amino acids that it brings to the ribosome? | cytoplasm or the amino acid pool within the cytosol
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| How many codons are possible when combining the 4 nitrogen bases of mRNA? | 64
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| If 1 DNA molecule replicates 5 times, how many DNA molecules will there be when done? | 32
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| What enzyme in DNA replication brings in complementary nitrogen bases and joins them to make a new strand? | DNA polymerase
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| Transcription continues one nucleotide at a time until the RNA polymerase reaches a DNA region called the ________. | termination signal
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| What does a lethal mutation mean? | There is a change in the DNA sequence that will cause death.
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| What one factor determines the shape of a protein? | the sequence of amino acids
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| After DNA is proofread and repaired, the error rate is usually 1 error per ____ nucleotides. | one billion
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| Is DNA right or left twisted? | right
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| Where are hydrogen bonds in a molecule of DNA? | holding the nitrogen bases together
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| Wht is the start mRNA codon? | AUG
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| What type of RNA carries genetic information on protein making from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome? | mRNA
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| If a DNA molecule is 20% guanine, what is the percentage of the other three nitrogen bases individually? | 20% cytosine, 30% adenine, and 30% thymine
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| The start codon codes for what amino acid? | methionine
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| What is the general ending for an enzyme's name? | -ase
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| What function is carried out by those few codons that do NOT code for an amino acid? | to stop translation
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| True or false. Every body (somatic) cell in an organism should have the same exact DNA. | true
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| What process name studied in chapter 10 literally means "to write across" when translated from Latin? | transcription
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| What is the site called in transcription which marks the beginning of the DNA chain that will be transcribed? | promoter site
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| Give three structural differences between DNA and RNA. | DNA is two stranded while RNA is only 1 stranded; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while the sugar in RNA is ribose; and in DNA adenine bonds with thymine while in RNA there is no thymine. Rather, adenine bonds with uracil.
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| True or false. When replication is completed, 4 new exact copies of the original DNA molecule is produced. | false
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| What is the name of the primary enzyme in transcription? | RNA polymerase
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| True or false. An amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon. | true
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| True or false. Replication of a eukaryotic organism's DNA begins at one end of the molecule and proceeds to the other end. | false
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| Who first published a paper proposing a model for the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick
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| In what year was the first paper published suggesting a mdoel for DNA? | 1953
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| What is the name of the sugar in DNA? | deoxyribose
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| What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA by name? | adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
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| Three tRNA nucleotides comprises a(n) ____. | anticodon
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| Where are the proteins which are exported from a cell produced? | ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER
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| Each strand of DNA serves as a pattern or a _____ in building complementary strands during replication. | template
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| What process copies genetic information from DNA to RNA? | transcription
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| Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell? | ribosome
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| The process of assembling proteins from information encoded in mRNA is called ____. | translation
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| By name, what are the four nitrogen bases of RNA? | adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine
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| What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide? | sugar (deoxyribose); phosphate group; and a nitrogen base
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| What type of bond holds amino acids together in a protein? | peptide bond
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| What type of a bond connects the sugar and phosphate backbone of DNA? | covalent bond
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| What 2 substances comprise DNA's backbone? | sugar and phosphate
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| Three mRNA nucleotides is called a(n) ___. | codon
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| What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis? | ribosome
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| Give the complementary base pairing rules for DNA. | A-T and G-C
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| mRNA codons are UAAUGC. What is the sequence of the DNA template from which it was produced? | ATTACG
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| How many different amino acids are possible? | 20
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| A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is called a(n) _____. | mutation
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| Give the complementary base pair rulings for RNA. | A-U and G-C
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| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic acid
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| If a mRNA sequence is UAAUGC, what are the 2 anticodons of tRNA? | AUUACG
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| What is the name of the sugar in RNA? | ribose
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| Where in a cell does DNA replication occur in a eukaryote? | nucleus
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| The process of copying DNA in a cell is called ______. | replication
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| If one strand of DNA is ATTCGC, what is the sequence of the other DNA strand? | TAAGCG
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| What are the simple units (monomers) of proteins called? | amino acids
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| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| What enzyme causes the 2 strands of DNA to separate during replication? | helicase
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| Name the 2 pyrimidines of DNA. | cytosine and thymine
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| What scientist primarily conducted the X-ray diffraction photographs such as Photo 51 that were used to indicate DNA's structure? | Rosalind Franklin
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| What amino acid is found in large quantities in turkey meat? It is responsible for making you sleepy after your big Thanksgiving feast. | tryptophan
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| Name the 2 purines of DNA. | adenine and guanine
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| Nitrogen bases that have 2 rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms are called _____. | purines
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| Why is double helix a good term to describe the structure of DNA? | there are two strands twisted together
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| What amino acid can PKU patients not break down? | phenylalanine
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| What type of RNA is globular in shape? | rRNA
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| What type of RNA is a long strand? | mRNA
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| What type of RNA does the book describe as a hairpin shape? | tRNA
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| Give two locations for ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell. | Floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the outer surfaces of rough ER
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| DNA comprises genes which in term comprises chromosomes. How many chromosomes should there normally be within the body (somatic) cells of humans? | 46
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| Frederick Griffith was trying to develop a vaccine against what virulent bacteria? | Streptococcus pneumoniae. The bacteria that causes the lung disease pneumonia in animals.
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| What did Hershey and Chase conclude in their experiments? | DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses
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| What did Oswald Avery conclude in his experiments? | DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria
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| What is a virus that invades bacteria called? | bacteriophage
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| What does transformation mean? | Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another or from one organism to another organism
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| What are the monomers of DNA and RNA? | Nucleotides
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| How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine? | 3
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| Where does DNA replication occur in a prokaryote? | in the cytoplasm
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| What three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work on the structure of DNA? | Watson, Crick, and Wilkins
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| What scientist determined the complementary base pairing for DNA? | Erwin Chargaff
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| Adenine and thymine pair to each other by how many hydrogen bonds? | 2
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| How many carbon atoms does deoxyribose and ribose contain? | 5 because these sugars are pentoses
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| The two DNA strands run in opposite directions....one strand is oriented from 5 prime to 3 prime while the opposite strand is oriented 3 prime to 5 prime. What term refers to this description? | antiparallel orientation
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| What is meant by semiconservative replication? | Parental strands of DNA separate, both serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA
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| When does DNA replication occur during the cell cycle? | the S phase of interphase
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| During DNA replication, RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA on each strand called a(n) ______. | RNA primer
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| What is a replication fork? | The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a 'Y' shape called a replication 'fork'
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| The lagging strand of DNA during replication is replicated discontinuously. What are the small segments called which are formed during this discontinuous replication? | Okazaki fragments
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| What enzyme connects the Okazaki fragments during replication? | DNA ligase
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| What is the number and orientation of chromosome(s) in a eukaryote? | multiple linear chromosomes
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| What is the number and orientation of chromosome(s) in a prokaryote? | single circular chromosome
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| What type of RNA transport amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis? | tRNA
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| What type of RNA is a component of a ribosome? | rRNA
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| What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm? | mRNA
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| True or false? The Human Genome Project , which started in 1990, was never completed. | False. The Human Genome Project was completed in April 2003.
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| HeLa cells are named for what person? | Henrietta Lacks
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| What are body cells known as? | Somatic cells
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| True or false? Somatic cell mutations are passed on to the next generation, | False. Sex cell or germ cell mutations are passed on to the next generation but somatic cell mutations are NOT passed on to the next generation.
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| Substances which cause mutations are called ________. | mutagens
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| Name two common mutagens. | Certain chemicals in the environment and high energy forms of radiation such as X-rays
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| What type of mutations are known as frame shift mutations? | Deletion and insertion mutation
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| For a eukaryote, where does replication and transcription occur in a cell? | In the nucleus
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