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Speech Disorders
05 Physiological Acoustics- Anatomy Review Part 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Torso | Body trunk houses skeletal framework divided into upper & lower separated by the diaphragm |
| Diaphragm | Contributes about 75% of the respiratory effort during quiet (aka reflective) respiration/inspiration |
| Thorax | -Upper Cavity of toroso -contains the lungs, heart, rib cage |
| Abdomen | -Lower part of Torso -contains organs involved in digestive, reproductive and excretion processes |
| When diaphragm contracts | pulls the lungs down to increase capacity. |
| Upper Airways | nose, mouth, throat, & larynx |
| Lower Airways | trachea and bronchial tubes |
| Brochial Tubes | Continue to divide and subdivide (like branches of a tree) until they are microscopic . . .eventually open into minute air sacs |
| Alveoli | Minute air sacs, which are pitted with small depressions -Where red blood cells exchange CO2 for O2 |
| external intercostals | -contributes to 25% of quiet inspiration -in spaces between ribs; raises each rib below |
| Quiet Expression | -no muscles involved. -due solely to the elastic recoil of the lungs -relaxation pressure comes out |
| Active Inspiration | In addition to the diaphragm, and external intercostals, 9 different sets of muscles can be involved. -Pectoralis -Sternocleidomastoid -Latissimus Dorsi -Subclavius |
| Active Expiration | Also involves 9 sets of muscles, including: -Internal Intercostals -Abdominals -Latissimus dorsi |
| Relaxation Pressure | -Amount of pressure created in the lungs solely due to the elasticity of the lungs. -Decreases as lung volume decreases |
| When are expratory musclses used? | -When you shout -When you need to continue exhaling/talking pass the point of expiatory pressure |
| Tidal Volume | The amount of air inspired or expired during a respiratory cycle |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | The maximum amount of air that can be taken into the lungs past the end-inspiratory level |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume | The maximum amount of air that can be expired from the resting expiratory level |
| Residual Volume | The amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation |
| Inspiratory Capacity | The maximum amount of air inspired from the resting expiratory level =tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
| Vital Capacity | The maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration =tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve |
| Functional Residual Capacity | The amount of air in the lungs at the resting expiratory level =expiratory reserve + residule volumes |
| Total Lung Capacity | The amount of air in lungs after maximum inhalation = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + residule volumes |
| Location of the Larynx | -Sits on top of the trachea -Lies anterior to the pharynx (which is on top of esophagus) |
| 3 cartilages of the larynx | - thyroid cartilage - cricoid cartilage - two arytenoid cartilages |
| Epiglottis | -Covers the entrance to the trachea during swallowing -Makes sure the food goes behind it down the esophagus so you don’t aspirate on what you’re swallowing. |
| Thyroarytenoid muscles | -comprise the vocal folds - are attached to the arytenoids and thyroid |
| ThyroVocalis muscle | the internal portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle |
| Arytenoid Cartilages | Movement shifts the vocal folds towards (and away from) the midline |
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle | -only abductor muscle in the larynx -paralysis in this muscle leads to a tracheotomy -contraction of this muscle stretches vocal folds and cause voice pitch to go up |
| 3 major adductor muscles of the larynx | -Transverse Arytenoid -Oblique Arytenoid -Lateral Cricoarytenoid |
| Vocal Fold Fundamental Frequency (aka pitch) | -due to mass of vocal mass (length & thickness) -The less mass higher the frequency (vibrates faster) -The greater the mass the lower the frequency (vibrates slower) -goes up as vocal the folds are stretched (decreasing their mass |
| Avg vocal fold length and fundamental frequency for a man | *17-24 mm *125 Hz |
| Avg vocal fold length and fundamental frequency for a woman | *13-17 mm *200 Hz |
| Avg fundamental frequency for a child | 300 Hz |
| What Cranial Nerve innervates the Larynx? | Cranial Nerve X (Vagus) |
| 2 branches of the Vagus nerve? | *recurrent laryngeal nerve *superior laryngeal nerve |
| recurrent laryngeal nerve | -serves all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. |
| superior laryngeal nerve | -innervates the cricothyroid, which is responsible for changing your pitch) |
| What causes the vocal folds to vibrate? | Myoelastic Aerodynmic Theory of Phonation |
| Myoelastic Aerodynmic Theory of Phonation | *Subglotal pressure (pressure from lungs when person takes a breath blows vocal folds apart *2 phenomenon causes return: 1)elasticity of vocal folds 2)Bernoulli principle |
| Bernoulli principle | anytime you have air blowing across a flat surface, it creates a partial vacuum on that surface). If you blow b/w two sheets of paper they get sucked back together. |
| Bones that make up orbit of the eye | -Frontal bone -Lacrimal bone -Ethmoid bone (Lamina papyracea) -Zygomatic bone (Orbital process of the zygomatic bone) -Maxillary bone (Orbital surface of the body of the maxilla) -Palatine bone (Orbital process of palatine bone) -sphenoid bone |
| 2 bones that make up the hard palate | -Maxillary bone -Palatine bone ( |
| Hardest bone in body | Petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| Quadratus labii | facial muscle that helps you smile |
| Mandibular Depressors (open) | Digastric muscle Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle |
| Mandibular Elevators (close) | Masseter muscle Temporalis muscle |
| Facial Muscles | -Orbicularis Oris -Buccinator -Depressor Labii -Triangularis -Mentalis -Zygomatic -Quadratus labii |
| 5 Muscles of tongue | -Palotoglossus -Inferior longitudinal -Genioglossus -Hyloglossus -Styloglossus |
| 6 Muscles Involved in Velopharyngeal Closure | -Palatoglossus -Palatopharyngeous -Superior Constrictor -Middle Constrictor -Levator Palatine -Tensor Palatine |
| Facial Nerve | Cranial Nerve 7 |
| Parts of lips and nose | -Nasal tip -Ala -Nostril sil -Philtrum -Cupid’s bow -Vermillion |
| Bones of the Skull | -Frontal bone -Parietal bone -Occipital bone -Temporal Bone -Nasal bone -Zygomatic Bone -Maxilla Bone -Mandible |
Created by:
aramos139
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