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WAN
Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lab Cabling: What is the Module # where the serial connections are located? | Module 0 |
| Lab Cabling: What are the Slot #s where the serial connections are located? (top/bottom) | Top = Slot 3, Bottom = Slot 1 |
| Lab Cabling: What are the actual serial interface #s and where are they located? | Top to bottom = s0/2/1, s0/2/0, s0/0/1, s0/0/0 |
| Lab Cabling: Which serial cable end controls the clock timing? | DCE, need to set clock rate on this end. |
| What is MTU? | Maximum Transmission Unit |
| What is the default encapsulation protocol on serial links for the lab routers? | HDLC |
| If your serial interface gets a dynamically assigned IP what does that mean? | SLARP is supported which dynamically assigns the IP |
| What is split-horizon? | Prevent routing loops. Prohibits router from advertising a route back onto the interface from which is was learned. |
| What is proxy-arp? | Answers ARP queries for network address that is not on the local network. |
| What are the default settings for split-horizon and proxy-arp? | Both on |
| What is the default MTU setting? | 1500 |
| What does DORA stand for? (dhcp) | Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge |
| What informational error messages are received when there is no DHCP pool created? | none |
| When you enable IPv6 on a PC interface, what can automatically configure an address? | SLAAC, Stateless Address AutoConfiguration |
| What is the purpose of Microsoft temporary IPv6 address? | Security to prevent tracking |
| What type of handshake does CHAP use? | 3-way handshake |
| Using CHAP authentication what are the password requirements? | Must be the same password on both routers |
| Suppose you are configuring a router with hostname AAA connecting to a remote router with hostname BBB using CHAP authentication. On AAA, you should setup: | username BBB password cisco |
| PPP multilink is comparable to what other protocol? | LACP (link aggregation) |
| Which PPP sublayer protocol negotiates a ppp multi-link bundle? | LCP |
| What type of handshake does PAP authentication use? | 2-way |
| What are the password requirements when using 2-way PAP authentication? | Can be the same password but best practices should be different. |
| Which command specifies the authentication method that the neighbour router should use to login to you? | ppp authentication pap |
| Which authentication method allows another router to connect immediately without username/password verification? | no ppp authentication |
| Must the PPP authentication method must be the same for both routers. | No |
| Which NCP protocol will be open when using IPv4 addresses? | IPCP |
| Which NCP protocol will be open when using IPv6 addresses? | IPV6CP |
| What is the layer 2 address on a frame-relay interface? | DLCI |
| With frame-relay when should you use inverse-arp to discover mappings? | full-mesh topology, in any partial-mesh must be configured manually |
| When using frame-relay without sub-interfaces why would you want to use the broadcast option on the mappings? | To allow for dynamic routing |
| What are 4 goals of introducing IPv6? | Address space (128bit), Security (auth & encrypt), layer 2 improvements, efficiency |
| How does IPv6 handle fragmenting packets? | No fragmentation, routers do packet size discovery |
| IPv4 has 4 octets, what does IPv6 have? | 8 hextets (16 bit per hextet) |
| What section is composed of the first 3 hextets (48 bits) of IPv6 address? | Site Prefix or Global Routing Prefix. Assigned by service provider. |
| What section is composed of the 4th hextet of IPv6 address? | Site Topology or Subnet ID |
| What section is composed of the last 4 hextets (68 bits) of IPv6 address? | Interface ID. Can be manually or dynamically assigned using the EUI-64 command. |
| What is EUI? | Extended Unique Identifier |
| What are the sections in the first 3 hextets of IPv6 address? | 3-IANA Global Routing, 3-Regional Registry, 2-ISP, 4-Site/Customer ID |
| How does EUI-64 command set up the IP? | Takes 48-bit MAC address and add FF:FE (16 bits) to the middle of it to make 64 bits. |
| Why are you only allowed to use double colons to shorten IPv6 address once? | Used more than once address could be ambiguous (more than one possible expanded address). |
| What is a Double Stack? | When an interface has both an IPv4 and IPv6 address. |
| Why must you issue the 'no ipv6 address' command instead of just overwriting it with a new address? | Interface can have multiple IPv6 addresses so you are not able to overwrite if you made a mistake. |
| What is the difference between multicast and anycast? | Anycast is only delivered to a single device, multicast delivered to multiple. |
| What type of address is FE80:: | Link-local address |
| What type of address is ::1 | Loopback |
| Which network design uses the Access, Distribution, and Core layers? | Hierarchical Network Design |
| Bottom layer of Hierarchical Network Design? | Access, layer 2, port security used here |
| Middle layer of Hierarchical Network Design? | Distribution, ACLs & filtering, routing between VLANs, redundancy |
| Top layer of Hierarchical Network Design? | Core, High speed, fault tolerant |
| What is a Two-Tier Collapsed Core Design? | distribution layer and core layer functions are implemented by a single device. |
| Which network design separates network into functional network modules? | Modular Design and Enterprise Architecture |
| Which module in Modular Network Design would contain the internet/WAN edge? | Enterprise Edge module |
| Which module in Modular Network Design was originally called server farm? | Data center module |
| What are the 3 emerging enterprise architectures | Borderless Networks, Data Center/Virtualization, Collaboration |
| Which OSI layers does the WAN operate in? | 1-2 Physical and Data Link |
| Difference between Packet and Circuit switching? | Circuit is dedicated connection to customer, packet is shared network. |
| What are some examples of layer 2 WAN protocols? | PPP, Frame relay, ATM, MPLS, HDLC, Ethernet |
| Device Type: Devices located on the enterprise edge connecting to a carrier link. | Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) |
| Device Type: Devices that put data onto the local loop, provides an interface to connect subscribers to a communication link on the WAN cloud | Data Communications Equipment (DCE) |
| Device Type: Custer devices that pass data from a computer network for transmission over the WAN. | Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) |
| What is the Demarcation Point? | Point which separates customer and service provider equipment |
| What is the local loop? | Actual line that connects CPE to the Central Office of the service provider. Also called the last mile. |
| What are advantages of a Leased Line? | Simplicity, Availability, Quality |
| What are disadvantages of a Leased Line? | Cost, Limited flexibility |
| What are advantages of Dialup? | Simplicity, Availability, Low Cost |
| What are disadvantages of Dialup? | Low data rate, long connection negotiation time |
| What is a CSU/DSU? | Required for digital leased lines. Can be a modem or an interface on router. CSU = termination, DSU = converts line frames into LAN frames. |
| Is PPP circuit or packet switched? | Circuit |
| What is the cisco developed extension to HLDC? Why did they make it? | cHDLC...solve inability to provide multi-protocol support |
| What are the three types of HDLC frames? | Information(I), Supervisory(S), Unnumbered(U) |
| What are 3 main components to PPP? | HDLC Encapsulation, LCP, NCP |
| PPP: What is the purpose of the LCP? | Extensible Link Control Protocol, establish, configure, test link connection, link termination |
| PPP: What is the purpose of the NCP? | Network Control Protocol, many different NCPs for each different network layer protocol (IP, IPv6, CDP, etc) |
| What are LCP Echo-Request and Echo-Reply used for? | Link maintenance |
| What are 5 configuration options of PPP? | Authentication (PAP|CHAP), Compression, Error detection, Multilink, PPP Callback |
| What are the 3 phases to establishing PPP session? | LCP Link Establish, LCP determine link quality, NCP negotiation |
| PPP Show command: view Open, listening, and closed protocols | show interfaces serial 0/0/0 |
| Which PPP authentication protocol uses challenges? | CHAP |
| In CHAP how does the remote router respond to a challenge? | Sends CHAP username and a hash value based on the CHAP password and challenge |
| PPP debug command: Which command is used to show PAP and CHAP messages? | debug ppp authentication |
| PPP debug command: Which command is used to show PPP startup and negotiation messages? | debug ppp negotiation |
| What is the FRAD? | Frame Relay Access Device, the router connected to the Frame Relay network |
| What is a Virtual Circuit? | Virtual because there is no direct electrical connection from end to end, this allows it to be shared. |
| What is a PVC? | Permanent Virtual Circuit, manually configured as opposed to dynamically (which would be SVC). |
| What is DLCI? | Data Link Connection Identifier, layer 2 frame-relay address so it is only locally significant. 16-1007 are the usable VC identifiers. |
| Frame-Relay can use inverse ARP to obtain addresses for IPv4, what is used for IPv6? | Inverse Neighbor Discovery (IND) |
| Why must inverse ARP be turned off for a frame relay hub and spoke topology? | Spoke routers do not have direct connectivity with each other so dynamic inverse ARP does not work. |
| What is the ietf option used for in frame-relay map commands? | When connecting to a non cisco router. |
| Which show command is used to display frame relay connections set up on the router? | show frame-relay map |
| What is the LMI? | Local Management Interface, provides status information, keepalive, multicasting, global addressing, flow control. |
| What are 3 types of LMI and their VC identifiers? | ansi = 0, cisco = 1023, q933a(ITU) = 0 |
| Which show command is used to display LMI message information? | show interface s0/0/0 |
| In frame-relay what is CIR? | Customer Information Rate, data rate guaranteed to the customer by service provider. |
| How does the DE flag work in frame-relay? | Discard Eligibility, bit is set one some frames when customer sends information faster than CIR (Bursting). If there is congestion these bits get discarded first. |
| In frame-relay what is Bursting? | When customer sends information faster than CIR, causes DE flag to be set on some frames. |
| What is difference between Bc and Be Bursting in frame-relay? | Bc negotiated excess rate marks frames with DE bit, Be not negotiated and frames likely get dropped. |
| What is the difference between BECN and FECN? | Forward/Backward Explicit Congestion Notification. BECN = upstream to source, FECN = Downstream to destination congestion |
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Datheral
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