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LPTHW ex37
Python, Learn Python The Hard Way, Exercise 37
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| and | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are true then then condition becomes true. ex. (a and b) is true. |
| del | The del statement is a way to remove an item from a list given its index instead of its value: the del statement. ex. a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] del a[0] a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] |
| from | The root of a from-import statement. The from-import statement is used to import specific objects from a module. ex. from x import y |
| not | A negation for the defined operation. ex. not(2 == 1) |
| while | The while loop continues until the expression becomes false. The expression has to be a logical expression and must return either a true or a false value. ex. while (x < 10): |
| as | Used in a 'with' statement to define the alias to assign each result of with x to. ex. with open("x.log") as x |
| elif | A conditional execution statement following an 'if'. Shorthand for an else-if. ex. if x==0: do stuff elif x==1: do more stuff |
| global | The global statement is a declaration which holds for the entire current code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to be interpreted as globals. ex. globes = 0 def glob_1(): global globes globes = 1 def glob_2(): print globes |
| or | Boolean operator to accept if either condition is True, return True. ex. if (1==1 or 1==2): |
| with | The with statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with functionality provided by a separate guard object (see context-managers). This allows common try-except-finally usage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse. |
| assert | The assert statement verifies that the expression defined resolves to true. If it does not it will raise an AssertionError with an optional expression2. ex. assert (x==1 or x==2) |
| else | When all conditional execution statements in an If, Elif block return false, the else will catch and execute. ex. if x==1: do1 elif x==2: do2 else: do3 |
| if | A conditional execution statement which executes some code if a statement is True. ex. if you == stinkypant: print "whew!" |
| pass | A null operation. When this is executed nothing happens. ex. if x<0: derp() else pass |
| yield | Return a generator object(like a list or tuple) instead of a static object. ex. def direct(path): yield os.path.walk(path) |
| break | Will exit out of the 'nearest' loop. ex. while x<10: if x<0: break print x x = x+1 |
| except | When a try statement fails the except catches the failure and returns. ex. while True: try: num = raw_input(int()) break except: print "Thats not an int." |
| import | The import statement initializes an external module so its functions can be used in the current environment. ex. import os print os.path("c:") |
| The print statement will export the argument to STDOUT. ex. print "sup" | |
| class | A object that contains functions and can be instantiated. ex. class Man: def height(self): print "TALL DUDE" |
| exec | Allows for the dynamic execution of Python code. ex. test = print "Sup" exec(test) |
| in | When used with an if, allows the code to loop through all members of a generator object. ex. x = 1 if x in [1,2,3,4,5]: print "Sup" |
| raise | Used to call an exception that can be customized per situation. ex. raise Exception, "PC LOAD LETTER" |
| continue | When encountered, causes the application to skip the rest of the current loop. ex. k = [1,2,3,4,5] for x in k: if x>3: print "TOO BEEG" continue print x |
| finally | The finally statement is the cleanup function in a 'try' statement. |
| is | Compares the object identity of two objects. Two objects referencing the same memory location will return True, but objects that are 'equal' will not. ex. 1 == 1 1 is 1 [] == [] [] is [] |
| return | Outputs the value returned by a function. This cannot be a generator object as return will only return that it is a generator function. ex. def poop return 2 * 2 |
| def | Define a function. ex. def testfunc(poops) |
| for | Iterate through a generator object. The for specifically defines a variable to store each individual iteration as the generator counts through. ex. i = ["Hello","world!"] for x in i: print x |
| lambda | Creates an anonymous function that is not bound to a specific namespace. ex. for i in (1,2,3,4,5): a = lambda x: x * x print a(i) |
| True | Boolean true. |
| False | Boolean false. |
| None | Null |
| strings | A string is a sequence characters which mathematical functions cannot be performed on. |
| numbers | Numbers are a sequence of numbers that math can be performed on. |
| floats | A float is a string of numbers that is equal to 32-bit storage of integers and fraction representing decimal places. |
| lists | A list is a dynamic storage of multiple variables in a single object that can be iterated. Unlike a tuple, lists can be changed after creation. |
| ES: \\ | \ |
| ES: \' | ' |
| ES: \" | " |
| ES: \a | ASCII bell |
| ES: \b | ASCII backspace |
| ES: \f | ASCII formfeed |
| ES: \n | newline |
| ES: \r | carriage return |
| ES: \t | tab |
| ES: \v | vertical tab :-/ |
| %d | signed decimal |
| %i | signed decimal (same as %d) |
| %u | Signed decimal (obsolete) |
| %o | octal |
| %x | signed hex, lowercase |
| %X | signed hex, uppercase |
| %e | floating point in exponential format, lowercase |
| %E | floating point in exponential format, uppercase |
| %f | floating point decimal format |
| %F | floating point decimal format |
| %g | floating point format. Lowercase exponential format if less than -4, decimal format otherwise |
| %G | floating point format. Uppercase exponential format if less than -4, decimal format otherwise |
| %c | Single character |
| %r | String, converts using repr(), "x" |
| %s | string, converts using str(), x |
| %% | No argument converted. Results in '%' in the result |
| + | add |
| - | subtract |
| * | multiply |
| ** | Exponentiation, 'to the power of' |
| / | divide |
| // | quotient, division without any remainder |
| % | remainder |
| < | less than |
| > | greater than |
| <= | less than or equal to |
| >= | greater than or equal to |
| == | comparison |
| != | not equal to comparison |
| <> | not equal to comparison (obsolete) |
| () | tuple |
| [] | list |
| {} | set |
| @ | no idea! |
| = | declaration of a variable |
| += | add to the variable by argument and re-declare as the new value |
| -= | subtract from the variable by the argument and re-declare as the new value |
| /= | divide by the variable by the argument and re-declare as the new value |
| *= | multiply the variable by the argument and re-declare as the new value |
| //= | get the quotient of the variable by the argument and re-declare as the new value |
| %= | Get the remainder by dividing the variable by the argument and re-declaring it as the new value |
| **= | exponentiate the variable by the argument and re-declare as the new value |
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