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CS010

Term	Definition
bits	Contain 0s (zero voltage) and 1s (positive voltage)
circuits	Connections of switches to perform calculations such as multiplying two numbers.
processors	Execute a list of desired calculations
instructions	Calculations
memory	Circuit that can store 0s and 1s in each of a series of thousands of addressed locations.
application	Or program; programmer-created sequence of instructions.
machine instructions	Instructions represented as 0s and 1s.
executable program	A sequence of machine instructions together.
assembly language	Human-readable processor instructions; an assembler translates to machine instructions (0s and 1s).
high-level languages	support programming using formulas and algorithms.
compiler	translates a high-level language program into low-level machine instructions.
disk	non-volatile storage with slower access.
nonvolatile	can maintain their contents even when powered off.
RAM	volatile storage with faster access usually located off processor chip.
byte	8 bits (memory size)
cache	Relatively-small volatile storage with fastest access located on processor chip.
clock	The frequency a processor executes instructions.
Moore's Law	The doubling of IC capacity roughly every 18 months.
operating system	Manages programs and interfaces with peripherals.
C	First published in 1978
C++	First published in 1985
code	Textual representation of a program.
line	A row of text.
main	Starting place of a program.
braces	Denoting a list of statements.
statements	Program instructions.
variable	1.Represents a particular memory location 2.takes up a different amount of space in memory depending on its type 3. Use good names to read program 4. Can change that variable of program
compiler	Converts a program into low-level machine instructions of computer.
cout	Supports printing
string literal	Text in double quotes
endl	starts a new output line
newline character	A new line that can also be output by insterting \n
cin	Short for "characters in"; reads input
comment	Text added to code by programmer.
multi-line Comment	/* and */ or block comment
declaration	Variable definition
int variable	Can only hold numbers between +2 and -2 billion
assignment statement	stores the right side item's current vale into the variable on the left side (numApples=8;)
expressions	numbers, variable names, simple calculations, or combo of var, literals and operators. Example: numKids+numAdults;
reserved Word	int, short, or double
literal	specific value in code like 2.
char	can store a single character, like the letter m or the symbol %.
character literal	surrounded with single quotes; ex: 'm'
string	sequence of characters
whitespace Character	character used to print spaces in text and include spaces, tabs, newlinchar.
getline(cin, stringVar);	reads all user text on the input line, up to newlinchar resulting from user pressing ENTER.
double	stores floating-point numbers (0.0)
floating-point literal	written with fraction part even if is 0 as in 1.0, 99.0 (decimal form)
overflow	occurs when the value being assigned to a variable is greater than the maximum value the variable can store.
long long	uses 64 bits if value goes over 2billion
type conversion	conversion of one data type to another, such as an int to a double.
type casting	explicit conversion by the programmer of one type to another
static cast <double>	converts the expression's value to the indicated type (from int to double) Ex: static_cast<double>(myIntVar) converts int 7 to double 7.0
math library	20 math operations available listed #include<cmath>
function	list of statements that can be executed by referring to the function's name.
constant variable (const)	an initialized variable whose value cannot change.
debugging	process of determining and fixing the cause of a problem in a computer program.
troubleshooting	"debugging"; predict possible cause of problem, conduct a test to validate cause.
branching	directs a program to execute one statement group or another, depending on expression's value.
logical operator	treats operands as being true or false, and evaluates to true or false. Example: a&&b (true when BOTH of its operands are true); a\|\|b (true when AT LEAST ONE of its two operands are true); !a (true when its single operand is FALSE)
bool	data type for variables that should store only values true or false. Example: define bool result; result = true or as in result = (age<25) or use if then statements: ((!result) && (b==c))
index	each string character has a position called an index. The numbering starts with 0, not w.
at()	someString.at(0) accesses the character at a particular index of a string.
exception	a detected runtime error that commonly prints an error message and terminates the program.
loop	a construct that repeatedly execute specific code as long as some condition is true
while loop	a program construct that executes a list of sub-elements a list of sub-statements repeatedly as long as the loop's expression evaluates to true
looping	iteration
loop variable	counts the number of iterations of a loop
increment operator	(i = i + 1) or (++i)
decrement operator	(i = i - 1) or (--i)
for loop	collects: loop variable initialization, loop expression, & loop variable update.
while loop	use when the number of iterations is not computable before entering the loop, as when iterating until a user enters a particular character.
for loop	use when the number of iterations is computable before entering the loop, as when counting down from X to 0, printing a character N times.
syntax
syntax error	violate a programming language's rules on how symbols can be combined to create a program. Example: forgetting to end a statement with a semicolon.
syntax error	also known as a type of compile-time error since it was detected by the compiler.
logic error	an error that occurs while a program runs. Also called a RUNTIME ERROR or BUG.
warning	compiler will sometime report THIS, which doesn't stop the compiler from creating an executable program, but indicates a possible logic error.
misleading error messages	many errors confuse compiler resulting in_____ and are common.
statement int userAge;	defines or declares a new variable named userAge. Compiler allocates memory location for userAge capable of storin an integer (int).
address	compiler allocated variable name to memory location (97,98 or etc). The programmer must define a variable BEFORE any statement that assigns or reads the variable, so that the variable's memory locat. is known.
litterSize * yearlyLitters is assigned to annualMice	annualMice = litterSize * yearlyLitters
identifier	name created by a programmer for an item like a variable or function. Must be a sequence of letters (a-z, A-Z,_) and digits (0-9). Example: c, cat, Cat, n1m1. Invalid: 42c (don't start with #), hi there (no space) and cat! (no symbols!)CASE SENSITIVE!
reserved word	also known as a KEYWORD. A programmer CANNOT use a reserved word as an identifier.
lower camel case	capitalizing each word except the first: numApples, ppleOnBus
operator	symbol for a built-in language calculation like + for addition.
arithmetic operators	+ - * / %
expressions	mostly follow standard arithmetic rules such as order of evaluation, but does NOT allow multiplication shorthand of (example) 5y to represent 5 times y. DO NOT DO THAT. Factorials 5! are also not valid.
unary minus	- can be used as a negative.
modulo operator %	evaluates to the remainder of the division of 2 integer operands. Example: 24 % 10 = 4. Reason: 24 / 10 is 2 with remainder 4. And it ONLY WORKS for INTEGERS.
division	division by 0 causes program to terminate. Second operand of / or % must NEVER be 0.
precedence rules	compiler evaluates an expression's arithmetic operators using the order of standard mathematics.
compound operators	provide a shorthand way to update a variable, such as userAge += 1 being shorthand for userAge = userAge + 1.
char variables	under the hood, char var stores a letter as a number, the compiler knows to output a char type as the corresponding character.
ASCII	early standard for encoding characters as numbers.
string data type	isn't built into C++ as are char, int or double. But is available in stdrd library & can be used after add: #include <string> Programmer then defines a string variable as: string firstName; Can also do string firstMonth = "January"; otherwise empty.
cin	do not add spaces. Example in "betty sue" since there's a space, will only store "betty" and "sue" will be in next input.
scientific notation	useful for representing floating - point numbers that are much greater than or less than 0 such as 6.02x10^23. do 6.02e23 or decimal -23
floating - point variable	should be used to represent a quantity measured in distance, temperature, volume, weight, etc. But agains using for money bc it is a countable item.
binary number	each memory location is composed of bits (0s and 1s), a processor stores a number using base 2.
overflow	compiler may not report a syntax error (syntax is correct) but may output a compiler warning message.
implicit conversions	compiler auto performs several common conversions between int and double types. BUT DON'T EVER MIX THOSE 2 TOGETHER. Ex: int-to-double 25 becomes 25.0 double-to-int 4.9 becomes 4.
argument	an input value to function appears between the parenthesis. Example: at.(argument) Function executes and RETURNS a new value. Ex2: pow(b,e)= b^e (multiple argument)
function call	invoking a function
abs()	computing the absolute value of an integer.
process of debugging	1. Predict a possible cause of problem. 2. Conduct a test to validate that cause. 3. Repeat
if-else statements	supports branching; can be written without the else part. NOTE: A statement is NOT part of a branch (random lol)
relational operator (or equality operator)	if-else expression commonly involves this. Example: (a<b), (a>b), (a<=b), (a==b), (a!=b)
boolean	true or false (if a<b or a>=b etc)
multiple if-else branches	if; else if; else if; else if; else. if-else, else-if statements However, if one if-statement is true, then the rest is considered false.
nested if-else statements	a branch's statment can include any valid statements, including another if else. Ex: if; else if; (sub)if....else; (out) else
multiple if statements	each if-statement is independent, and thus more than one branch is executed in contrast to the multi-branch if-else where it checks for the truth of each then test only ONE correct statement. Also takes much longer to execute the multiple if-else stat.
rules for arithmetic operatbooors	In order of evaluation: (), unary (negative #'s), /%, + - , left to right. Errors ex: (5 x + 1) = (5 * x) + 1 instead of 5 * (x+1).
relational and logical operators (except for !)	1.are binary operators (takes 2 operands (from left to right) and evaluate to true or false. 2.Only one operator is evaluated at a time, based on precedence rules.
Precendence rules for logical and relational operators	In order of evaluation: (), !, */%+-, < <= > >=, == !=, &&, \|\|
int / double	= double
double/double	= double
nested loop	a loop that appears as part of the body of another loop. Commonly referred to as the INNER LOOP and OUTER LOOP.

Created by: Jors-go

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