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PBHS Physics
Physics Data
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion | kinematics |
| Branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses | kinetics |
| Branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium | statics |
| Deals with the motion and equilibrium of systems under the actions of forces | dynamics |
| The four fundamental forces in physics | Gravity, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Electromagnetic |
| Resistance to rotational motion; It equals mass times square of perpendicular d to axis of rotation of each particle in a body (measures ability to resist changes in rotational speed) | Moment of inertia |
| Torque | Force x Lever arm; produces torsion or rotation |
| Elastic force of a spring; F = kx (k is the spring constant and x is the size of the displacement) | Hooke's Law |
| Force between 2 charged particles is inversely squared | Coulomb's Law |
| Gauss's Laws, Faraday's Law, and Ampere's Law with Maxell's correction | Maxwell's Equations |
| Magnetic monopoles do not exist | Gauss's Law for magnetism |
| Induced EMF in any closed circuit is equal to time rate of change of the magnetic flux (amount of magnetic field) through the circuit | Faraday's Law |
| The magnetic field produced by an electric current is proportional to the strength of the current | Ampere's Law |
| Force on a point charge (charged particle) due to electromagnetic fields; Force is at right angles to both direction of travel and direction of the applied field | Lorentz Law |
| Total current into a point on a circuit equals total current out | Kirchoff's Current Law |
| Total potential difference around a loop equals zero | Kirchoff's Voltage Law |
| "induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose...change causing it"; nature abhors changes in flux | Lenz's Law |
| Study of flow of gases | aerodynamics |
| bouyant force is equal to weight of fluid displaced | Archimedes' Principle |
| pressure change is conveyed uniformly throughout a fluid | Pascal's Law |
| The faster the flow of a fluid, the lower it's internal pressure | Bernoulli's Principle |
| Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation | LASER |
| Smallest angle for total internal refraction | critical angle |
| emission fo radiation as a result of absorption of other radiation | fluorescence |
| single unit of EM radiation; the quantum of light and all forms of EM radiation | photon |
| apparent in shift in frequency from moving source | Doppler Effect |
| Light takes path between any 2 point of least time | Fermat's Principle |
| Index of refraction | |
| The bending of the path of a light wave as it crosses from one medium to another (air into water)caused by change in speed of wave | REfraction |
| Formula describing angles of incidence and refraction | Snell's Law |
| Angle between a surface and a perpendicular line | Angle of incidence |
| Any point on a wave front is a source of secondary waves | Huygen's or Huygen's-Fresnel Principle |
| Symbol h; proportionality of energy and frequency (of photon) | Planck's constant |
| Internal energy of a system plus pressure times volume of the system;represented by 'H' | Enthalpy (H) |
| H = U + PV | Enthalpy = Internal Energy plus pressure times volume of the system |
| A measure of disorder | Entropy (S) |
| Useful work attainable from closed system; thermodynamic potential of closed system | Helmholtz Free Energy |
| Free enthalpy; thermodynamic potential at constant temp and pressure (isothermal and isobaric); describes whether or not a reaction will occur | Gibbs Free Energy |
| Transition from solid directly to qas | Sublimation |
| Transition from gas directly to solid | Deposition |
| Starts at Absolute Zero | Kelvin Scale |
| SI unit of temperature | Kelvin |
| Defines freezing pt of water as zero C and and boiling pt of water as 100 C | Celsius (Centigrade) |
| Water freezes at 32 and boils at 212 | Fahrenheit |
| Starts at Absolute Zero BUT units equal to F degrees | Rankine scale |
| Constant pressure | Isobaric |
| Constant volume | Isochoric |
| Constant temperature | Isothermal |
| Transitive property of thermal equilibrium; If 2 thermod systems are in thermal equil. with a third, then all 3 are in thermal equil. | 0th Law of Thermodynamics (Zeroth) |
| Change in internal energy is sum of heat into system and work done by system | 1st Law o Thermodynamics |
| Total entropy of isolated system tends to increase over time | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
| At absolute zero processes cease and entropy goes to zero | 3rd Law of Thermodynamics |
| Internal energy of ideal gas depends only on temp. | Joule's 2nd Law |
| Elementary particles with half-integer spin | Fermions |
| Fundamental particles that combine to form hadrons; interact through Strong Force; fractional charge | Quarks |
| Flavors of Quarks (BTW, quarks are made up of protons and neutrons) | up (+2/3), down (-1/3), top (+2/3), bottom (-2/3), charm (+2/3), strange (-1/3) |
| particles with Weak Force, spin quantum number 1/2 | Leptons |
| Types of Leptons | electrons, muons, neutrinos |
| Elementary particles that mediate fundamental FORCES and have integer spin | Bosons |
| Discrete bundle of light (electromagnetic) energy; a type of boson | Photon |
| Nicknamed the "God particle" | Higgs Boson |
| Announced at CERN in 2012; endows particle masses via Higgs mechanism | Higgs Boson |
| CERN | European Organization for Nuclear Research |
| Composite fermions | Baryons |
| Particles making up the nucleus | Nucleons (protons and neutrons) |
| Protons are made of which quarks? | 2 ups and 1 down (+1 charge overall |
| Neutrons are made of which quarks? | 2 downs and 1 up (0 charge) |
| describes how quantum state of physical system changes over time | Schrodinger Equation |
| Energy radiated perunit surface area of black bodies proportional to 4th power of temperature | Stefan-Boltzmann Law |
| Variance of time observation between observers depending on relative speeds of observers' frames of reference | Time Dilation |
| geometric theory of gravitation; describes gravity as a geometric property of spacetime | General Relativity |
| twin flies near speed of light and returns much younger than his/her twin | twin paradox |
Created by:
gkarlish
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