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Hematology
Medical Laboratory Technology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anemia | a condition in which the red blood cell count or hemoglobin level is below normal; a condition resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood |
| anticoagulant | a chemical or substance that prevents blood coagulation |
| arteriole | a small branch of an artery leading to a capillary |
| artery | a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues |
| capillary | a minute blood vessel that connects the smallest arteries to the smallest veins and serves as an oxygen exchange vessel |
| cardiopulmonary circulation | the system of blood vessels that circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart |
| complete blood count (CBC) | a commonly performed grouping of hematological tests |
| deoxyhemoglobin | the hemoglobin formed when oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen to tissues |
| EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell; RBC |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology |
| granulocyte | a white blood cell containing granules in the cytoplasm; any of the neutrophilic |
| hematology | the study of blood and the blood-forming tissues |
| hematopoietic stem cell | an undifferentiated bone marrow cell that gives rise to blood cells; also called hematopoietic stem cell |
| hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) | the major functional component of red blood cells that is the oxygen-carrying molecule |
| hemopoiesis | the process of blood cell formation and development; hematopoiesis |
| hemopoietic stem cell | an undifferentiated bone marrow cell that gives rise to blood cells; also called hematopoietic stem cell |
| hemostasis | the process of stopping bleeding |
| leukemia | a chronic or acute disease involving unrestrained increase in leukocytes |
| leukocyte | white blood cell; WBC |
| megakaryocyte | a large bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived |
| oxyhemoglobin | the form of hemoglobin that binds and transports oxygen |
| plasma | the liquid portion of blood in which the blood cells are suspended; the straw-colored liquid remaining after blood cells are removed from anticoagulated blood |
| platelet | a formed element in circulating blood that plays an important role in blood coagulation; a small disk-shaped fragment of cytoplasm derived from a megakaryocyte; a thrombocyte |
| red blood cell (RBC) | blood cell that transports oxygen (O2) to tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs; erythrocyte |
| stem cell | an undifferentiated cell |
| systemic circulation | the system of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart |
| thrombocyte | a blood platelet |
| vein | a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart |
| venule | a small vein connecting a capillary to a vein |
| white blood cell (WBC) | blood cell that functions in immunity; leukocyte |
| aperture | an opening |
| electrolyte solution | a solution that contains ions and conducts an electrical current |
| femtoliter (fL) | 10^–15 liter |
| fluorescent | having the property of emitting light of one wavelength when exposed to light of another wavelength |
| histogram | a graph that illustrates the size and frequency of occurrence of articles being studied |
| impedance | resistance in an electrical circuit |
| index of refraction | the ratio of the velocity of light in one medium |
| laser | a narrow, intense beam of light of only one wavelength going in only one direction |
| mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) | average red blood cell hemoglobin expressed in picograms (pg); mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | comparison of the weight of hemoglobin in a red blood cell to the size of the red blood cell |
| mean cell volume (MCV) | average red blood cell volume in a blood sample |
| picogram | 10^-12 gram |
| red blood cell indices | calculated values that compare the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells in a blood sample to reference values; erythrocyte indices |
| basophilia | abnormal increase in the number of basophils in the blood; basophilic leukocytosis; also |
| basophilic stippling | remnants of RNA and other basophilic nuclear material remaining inside the red blood cell after the nucleus is lost from the cell; small purple granules in red blood cells stained with Wright’s stain |
| blast cell | an immature blood cell normally found only in the bone marrow |
| codocyte | target cell |
| crenated cell | a shrunken red blood cell with scalloped or toothed margins |
| drepanocyte | sickle cell |
| elliptocyte | elongated |
| eosinophilia | abnormal increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood |
| folic acid | a member of the B vitamin complex |
| Howell-Jolly body | nuclear remnant remaining in red blood cells after the nucleus is lost and commonly seen in pernicious anemia and hemolytic anemias |
| keratocyte | a red blood cell deformed by mechanical trauma |
| leukemia | a cancer of white blood cells characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells and their precursors in bone marrow |
| neutrophilia | abnormal increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood |
| nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) | an immature red blood cell that has not yet lost its nucleus |
| red blood cell indices | calculated values that compare the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells in a blood sample to reference values; erythrocyte indices |
| schizocyte | a fragmented red blood cell; formerly called schistocyte |
| shift to the left | the appearance of an increased number of immature neutrophil forms in the peripheral blood |
| sickle cell | crescent- or sickle-shaped red cell; drepanocyte |
| sickle cell disease | inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells can form a sickle shape because of the presence of hemoglobin S |
| stomatocyte | red blood cell with an elongated, mouth-shaped central area of pallor |
| target cell | abnormal red blood cell with target appearance; codocyte |
| thalassemia | a genetic disorder involving underproduction of the globin chains of hemoglobin and resulting in anemia |
| vitamin B12 | a vitamin essential to the proper maturation of blood cells and other cells in the body |
| erythropoiesis | the production of red blood cells |
| Miller reticle | a reticle that imposes two squares over the field of view and that is used for reticulocyte counts |
| reticle | a glass circle etched with a pattern of calibrated grids |
| reticulocyte | an immature erythrocyte that still contains RNA remnants in the cytoplasm |
| reticulocytopenia | a decrease below the normal number of reticulocytes in the circulating blood |
| reticulocytosis | an increase above the normal number of reticulocytes in the circulating blood |
| reticulum | a filamentous network |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | the nucleic acid that is important in protein synthesis and that is found in all living cells |
| supravital stain | a nontoxic dye used to stain living cells or tissues |
| acute phase proteins | proteins that increase rapidly in plasma during acute infection and inflammation |
| aggregate | the total substances making up a mass; a cluster or clump of particles |
| inflammation | a nonspecific protective response to tissue injury that is initiated by the release of chemicals such as histamine and serotonin and the actions of phagocytic cells |
| polycythemia | an excess of red blood cells in the peripheral blood |
| rouleau(x) | group(s) of red blood cells arranged like a roll of coins |
| sedimentation | the process of solid particles settling to the bottom of a liquid |
| Westergren pipet | a slender pipet marked from 0 to 200 mm, used in the Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate method |
| Wintrobe tube | a slender, thick-walled tube used in the Wintrobe erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| azidemethemoglobin | a stable compound formed when azide combines with hemoglobin |
| cyanmethemoglobin | a stable colored compound formed when hemoglobin is reacted with Drabkin’s reagent; hemiglobincyanide (HiCN) |
| Drabkin’s reagent | a hemoglobin diluting reagent that contains iron |
| globin | the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule |
| heme | the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule |
| hemiglobincyanide (HiCN) | cyanmethemoglobin |
| hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) | the major functional component of red blood cells that is the oxygen-carrying molecule |
| buffy coat | a light-colored layer of white blood cells and platelets that forms on top of the red blood cell layer when a sample of blood is centrifuged or allowed to stand undisturbed |
| capillary tube | a slender glass or plastic tube used in laboratory procedures |
| hematocrit | the volume of red blood cells packed by centrifugation in a given volume of blood and expressed as a percentage; packed cell volume (PCV) |
| microhematocrit | a hematocrit performed in capillary tubes using a small quantity of blood; packed cell volume (PCV) |
| microhematocrit centrifuge | an instrument that spins capillary tubes at a high speed to rapidly separate cellular components of the blood from the liquid portion of blood |
| packed cell column | the layers of blood cells that form when a tube of whole blood is centrifuged |
| cell diluting fluid | a solution used to dilute blood for cell counts |
| hemacytometer | a heavy glass slide made to precise specifications and used to count cells microscopically; a counting chamber |
| hemacytometer coverglass | a special coverglass of uniform thickness used with a hemacytometer |
| micropipet | a pipet that measures or holds 1 mL or less |
| anemia | a condition in which the red blood cell count or blood hemoglobin level is below normal; a condition resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood |
| aperture | an opening |
| erythrocytosis | an excess of red blood cells in the peripheral blood; sometimes called polycythemia |
| hemolysis | the rupture or destruction of red blood cells |
| immunity | resistance to disease or infection |
| isotonic solution | a solution with the same concentration of dissolved particles as the solution or cell with which it is compared |
| leukemia | a cancer of white blood cells characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells and their precursors in bone marrow |
| leukocytosis | increase above normal in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood |
| leukopenia | decrease below normal in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood; leukocytopenia |
| immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | a blood disorder characterized by purpura in skin and mucous membranes and low platelet count caused by the destruction of platelet by antiplatelet autoantibodies; also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. |
| petri dish | a shallow, round covered dish made of plastic or glass primarily used to culture microorganisms |
| thrombocytopenia | abnormally low number of platelets in the blood |
| thrombocytosis | abnormally high number of platelets in the blood; thrombocythemia |
| thromboembolism | blockage of a blood vessel by a clot (thrombus) that formed in another vessel |
| azurophilic | a term used to describe the reddish-purple staining characteristics of certain cells or cell structures; having an affinity for azure stain |
| band cell | an immature granulocyte with a nonsegmented nucleus; a “stab cell” |
| basophil | a white blood cell containing basophilic-staining granules in the cytoplasm |
| basophilic | blue in color; having affinity for the basic stain |
| eosinophil | a white blood cell containing eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell; RBC |
| leukocyte | white blood cell; WBC |
| lymphocyte | a small basophilic-staining white blood cell having a round or oval nucleus and playing a vital role in the immune process |
| megakaryocyte | a large bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived |
| monocyte | a large white blood cell usually having a convoluted or horseshoe-shaped nucleus |
| neutrophil | a white blood cell containing neutral-staining cytoplasmic granules and a segmented nucleus; also called polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) |
| platelet | a formed element in circulating blood that plays an important role in blood coagulation; a small diskshaped fragment of cytoplasm derived from a megakaryocyte; a thrombocyte |
| red blood cell (RBC) | blood cell that transports oxygen (O2) to tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs; erythrocyte |
| vacuole | a membrane-bound compartment in cell cytoplasm |
| white blood cell (WBC) | blood cell that functions in immunity; leukocyte |
| anisocytosis | marked variation in the sizes of erythrocytes |
| atypical lymphocyte | lymphocyte that occurs in response to viral infections and that is common in infectious mononucleosis; reactive lymphocyte |
| differential count | a determination of the relative numbers of each type of white blood cell when a specified number (usually 100) is counted; white blood cell differential count; leukocyte differential count |
| hypochromic | having reduced color or hemoglobin content |
| macrocytic | having a larger-than-normal cell size |
| microcytic | having a smaller-than-normal cell size |
| normochromic | having normal color |
| normocytic | having a normal cell size |
| phagocytosis | the engulfing of a foreign particle or cell by another cell |
| poikilocytosis | significant variation in the shape of red blood cells |
| reactive lymphocyte | lymphocyte that occurs in response to viral infections and that is common in infectious mononucleosis; reactive lymphocyte |
| adhesion | the act of two parts or surfaces sticking together |
| aggregation | the collecting of separate objects into one mass |
| arteriosclerosis | abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls causing loss of elasticity and impaired blood circulation |
| atherosclerosis | a form of arteriosclerosis in which lipids calcium cholesterol and other substances deposit on the inner walls of the arteries |
| coagulation | the process of forming a fibrin clot |
| coagulation factors | a group of plasma proteins (and the mineral calcium) involved in blood clotting |
| collagen | a protein connective tissue found in skin bone ligaments and cartilage |
| Coumadin | an anticoagulant drug derived from coumarin that is administered orally to prevent blood clotting or to reduce the risk of clots; a trade name for warfarin |
| D-dimer | the smallest cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment formed from the breakdown of polymerized fibrin by plasmin |
| embolus (pl. emboli) | a mass (clot) of blood or foreign matter carried in the circulation |
| endothelium | the layer of epithelial cells that lines blood vessels and the serous cavities of the body |
| FDPs | fibrinogen or fibrin monomer degradation products formed when plasmin cleaves fibrinogen or fibrin monomers into protein fragments; formerly called fibrin split products |
| fibrin | a protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin |
| fibrinogen | a plasma protein produced in the liver and converted to fibrin through the action of thrombin |
| fibrinolysis | enzymatic breakdown of a blood clot |
| glycoprotein | a protein molecule having a carbohydrate component |
| hemorrhage | uncontrolled bleeding |
| hemostasis | the process of stopping bleeding which includes clot formation and dissolution |
| heparin | an anticoagulant used therapeutically to prevent thrombosis; also used as an anticoagulant in certain laboratory procedures |
| inhibitor | a substance that retards or stops a process or chemical reaction |
| intravascular | within the blood vessels |
| ionized calcium | in the body a mineral that plays an important role in hemostasis |
| megakaryocyte | a large bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived |
| plasmin | an enzyme that binds to fibrin and initiates breakdown of the fibrin clot (fibrinolysis) |
| plasminogen | the inactive precursor of plasmin |
| prothrombin | the precursor of thrombin; factor II |
| sequestered | isolated or set apart from the whole |
| thrombin | a protein formed from prothrombin by the action of thromboplastin and other factors in the presence of calcium ions; factor IIa |
| thromboplastin | a lipoprotein found in endothelium and other tissue; coagulation factor III; also called tissue factor |
| thrombus (pl. thrombi) | a blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel |
| warfarin | an anticoagulant drug taken to prevent blood clotting or to reduce the risk of clots |
| XDPs | degradation products formed by plasmin action on cross-linked fibrin and containing the D-dimer fragment |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | a bleeding disorder characterized by widespread thrombotic and secondary fibrinolytic reactions |
| epistaxis | nosebleed |
| hemophilia | a bleeding disorder resulting from a hereditary coagulation factor deficiency or dysfunction |
| immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | a blood disorder characterized by purpura in skin and mucous membranes and low platelet count caused by the destruction of platelets by antiplatelet autoantibodies; also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| NSAIDs | acronym for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| petechiae | small purplish hemorrhagic spots on the skin; very small purpura |
| purpura | purple-colored areas that can occur in the skin or mucous membranes or organs and that are caused when small blood vessels leak |
| recombinant | referring to molecules or cells created as a result of genetic engineering |
| thrombocytopathy | abnormal platelet function |
| thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) | a blood disorder with varied causes and characterized by formation of clots in the small vessels and consumption of platelets and skin purpura |
| von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) | an inherited platelet disorder associated with decreased platelet adhesion and a bleeding tendency |
| activated clotting time (ACT) | a test that assesses the effect of heparin on the ability of blood to clot |
| heparin | an anticoagulant used therapeutically to prevent thrombosis; also used as an anticoagulant in certain laboratory procedures |
| enzyme | a protein that causes or accelerates changes in other substances without being changed itself |
| hypercoagulation | a greater tendency than normal for blood to coagulate |
| international normalized ratio (INR) | a way of reporting a prothrombin time that takes into consideration the sensitivity of the prothrombin thromboplastin reagent used and the mean prothrombin time of a normal population |
| international sensitivity index (ISI) | a value assigned to each lot of prothrombin thromboplastin reagent to compensate for variations in sensitivities of thromboplastin from different sources |
| prothrombin ratio | a comparison of a patient’s prothrombin time result with the mean prothrombin time of a normal population |
| prothrombin time test | a coagulation screening test used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy |
| vitamin K | a vitamin essential for production of coagulation factors II VII IX and X |
| activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | the time required for a fibrin clot to form when CaCl2 is added to citrated plasma that has been activated with partial thromboplastin reagent |
| partial thromboplastin | the lipid portion of thromboplastin available as a commercial preparation; formerly called cephaloplastin |
| D-dimer | the smallest cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment formed from the breakdown of polymerized fibrin by plasmin |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | occurrence of a thrombus within a deep vein usually of the leg or pelvis |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | a hemostasis emergency characterized by widespread circulatory thrombotic events coexisting with fibrinolytic events |
| agglutination | the clumping or aggregation of particulate antigens resulting from reaction with specific antibody |
| allergy | a condition resulting from an exaggerated immune response; hypersensitivity |
| anamnestic response | rapid increase in blood immunoglobulins following a second exposure to an antigen; also called booster response or secondary response |
| antibody (Ab) | protein that is induced by and reacts specifically with a foreign substance (antigen); immunoglobulin |
| antigen (Ag) | foreign substance that induces an immune response by causing production of antibodies and or sensitized lymphocytes that react specifically with that substance; immunogen |
| autoimmune disease | disease caused when the immune response is directed at one’s own tissues (selfantigens) |
| B lymphocyte (B cell) | the type of lymphocyte primarily responsible for the humoral immune response |
| cell-mediated immunity | immunity provided by T lymphocytes and cytokines |
| complement | a group of plasma proteins that can be activated in immune reactions and can cause cell lysis and can help initiate the inflammatory response |
| cytokines | any of various nonantibody proteins secreted by cells of the immune system and that help regulate the immune response; lymphokines |
| dendritic cells | cells in lymphoid tissues that form a network to trap foreign antigens |
| enzyme immunoassay (EIA) | an assay that uses an enzyme-labeled antibody as a reactant |
| epitope | the portion of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody; antigenic determinant |
| humoral immunity | immunity provided by B lymphocytes and antibodies |
| immunocompetent | capable of producing a normal immune response |
| immunocompromised | having reduced ability or inability to produce a normal immune response |
| immunoglobulins (Ig) | antibodies; proteins that are induced by and react specifically with antigens (immunogens) |
| immunology | the branch of medicine encompassing the study of the immune processes and immunity |
| immunosuppression | suppression of the immune response by physical or chemical or biological means |
| inflammation | a nonspecific protective response to tissue injury that is initiated primarily by the release of chemicals such as histamine and serotonin and by the actions of phagocytic cells |
| lymphokines | nonantibody proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigen stimulation and that play a role in regulating the immune response; cytokines |
| macrophages | long-lived phagocytic tissue cells that are derived from blood monocytes and function in destruction of foreign antigens and serve as antigen-presenting cells |
| monoclonal antibody | antibody derived from a single cell line or clone |
| plasma cell | a differentiated B lymphocyte that produces antibodies |
| polyclonal antibodies | antibodies derived from more than one cell line |
| precipitation | formation of an insoluble antigen–antibody complex |
| primary lymphoid organs | organs in which B and T lymphocytes acquire their special characteristics (in humans the bone marrow and thymus) |
| secondary lymphoid tissue | tissues in which lymphocytes are concentrated such as the spleen and lymph nodes and tonsils |
| seroconversion | the appearance of antibody in the serum or plasma of an individual following exposure to an antigen |
| serology | the study of antibodies and antigens in serum or plasma using immunological methods |
| T lymphocyte (T cell) | the type of lymphocyte responsible for the cell-mediated immune response |
| thymus | a gland located in the upper chest that is the primary lymphoid tissue in which lymphocytes mature and acquire T cell characteristics |
| titer | in serology the reciprocal of the highest dilution that gives the desired reaction; the concentration of a substance determined by titration |
| chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | a syndrome characterized by prolonged fatigue and other nonspecific symptoms and for which the cause remains unknown |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | a virus that infects lymphocytes and is the cause of infectious mononucleosis |
| hepatosplenomegaly | enlargement of the liver and spleen |
| heterophile antibodies | a group of multispecific antibodies that are increased in infectious mononucleosis and that react with heterogeneous antigens not responsible for their production |
| incubation period | the time elapsed between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms |
| infectious mononucleosis (IM) | a contagious viral disease occurring in primarily the 15- to 25-year-old age-group and caused by infection with Epstein-Barr virus |
| latent | dormant; in an inactive or hidden phase |
| lymphadenopathy | a condition in which the lymph glands are enlarged or swollen |
| lymphocytosis | an increase above the normal number of lymphocytes in the blood |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints due to several causes |
| autoantibody | an antibody directed against self (one’s own tissues) |
| reciprocal | inverse; one of a pair of numbers (as 2/3 and 3/2) that has a product of one |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | an autoimmune disease characterized by pain and inflammation and deformity of the joints |
| rheumatoid factors (RFs) | autoantibodies directed against the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and often present in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
| scleroderma | a systemic or localized autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by a chronic hardening (sclero) of skin (derma) and connective tissue |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | a systemic autoimmune disease affecting moisture-producing glands such as tears and sweat and saliva glands but also affecting organs |
| synovial | of or relating to the lubricating fluid of the joints |
| agglutination inhibition | interference with or prevention of agglutination |
| ectopic pregnancy | development of fetus outside the uterus; extrauterine pregnancy |
| hemagglutination | the agglutination of red blood cells |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | the hormone of pregnancy produced by the placenta; also called uterine chorionic gonadotropin (uCG) |
| implantation | attachment of the early embryo to the uterus |
| teratogenic | relating to a substance or agent capable of leading to birth defects by causing change or harm to a fetus or embryo or interfering with normal fetal development |
| trophoblastic | relating to embryonic nutritive tissue |
| American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) | international association that sets blood bank standards accredits blood banks and promotes high standards of performance in the practice of transfusion medicine |
| apheresis | the process of removing a specific component such as platelets from donor blood and returning the remaining blood components to donor circulation |
| blood bank | clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until needed for transfusion; also called immunohematology department or transfusion services; the refrigerated unit used for storing blood components |
| immunohematology | the study of the human blood groups; in the clinical laboratory often called blood banking or transfusion services |
| transplant | living tissue placed into the body; the placing of living tissue into the body |
| allele | one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation |
| antiserum | serum that contains antibodies |
| blood bank | clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until needed for transfusion; also called immunohematology department or transfusion services; the refrigerated unit used for storing blood components |
| blood group antibody | a protein (immunoglobulin) that reacts specifically with a blood group antigen |
| blood group antigen | a substance or structure on the red blood cell membrane that stimulates antibody formation and reacts with that antibody |
| codominant | in genetics a gene that is expressed in the heterozygous state that is in the presence of a different allelic gene |
| forward grouping | the use of known antisera (antibodies) to detect unknown antigens on a patient’s cells; forward typing; direct grouping |
| genes | segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and that are the structural units of heredity |
| histocompatibility testing | assays to determine if donor and recipient tissue are compatible |
| human leukocyte antigen (HLA) | one of several antigens present on leukocytes and other body cells that are important in transplant rejection |
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | the group of genes responsible for producing antigens such as HLA that are important in organ and tissue transplants |
| reverse grouping | the use of known cells (antigens) to identify unknown antibodies in the patient’s serum or plasma |
| serological centrifuge | a centrifuge that spins small tubes such as those used in blood banking; serofuge |
| allele | one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation |
| anti–human globulin test | a sensitive test that uses a commercial anti-human globulin reagent to detect human globulin coated on red blood cells; antiglobulin test; Coombs’ test |
| feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH) | the occurrence of fetal blood cells entering into the maternal circulation before or during delivery |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of a cell or organism |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | a condition in which maternal antibody targets fetal red blood cells for destruction |
| phenotype | the observable characteristics in a cell or organism as determined both by genetic makeup and environmental factors |
| Rh D immune globulin (RhIG) | a concentrated purified solution of human anti-D antibody used for injection |
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