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Lab animal
Lab animal information for vet techs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Research Animals? | -small -easy to handle -short life span -short gestation period -large litter size |
| Types of research animals? | mice, rats, zebrafish, drosophila (flies), nematodes (worms), 80% rodents-of that 60% mice |
| Types of research lab animals involved in? | inheritance, cancer, tissue transplants, understanding body & behaviour |
| why use inbred mice? | results then do not vary within the species, eg. strain background, then need fewer animals and less time/cost of experiment. |
| How long does it take for an inbred strain to be developed? | 5 + years |
| Can you duplicate an inbred strain? | no, this means that once you lose the strain it is lost forever and if you were in the middle of an experiment-say goodbye to you research because you will have to start over. |
| Housing environment-animal flora? | Can control flora to get rid of harmful ones to animal health and to get rid of ones that disrupt research |
| What are transgenic breeds? | they contain the DNA of unrelated organisms that have been artificially introduced. |
| Transgenic process? | 2 fertile animal produce an embryo and a transgene is added to the nucleus of the embryo. This embryo is implanted into a pseudo pregnant individual (from mating of sterile couple) and this individual produces transgenic offspring. |
| knock in gene | gene sequence is added at a particular locus of a DNA sequence to create a new individual. transgenic |
| knock out gene | target gene is disrupted or inactivated, loss of that gene activity which changes the phenotype (look)of the animal. |
| When did lab animal research become a regulated system and what act? | In 2000, gene technology act to ensure personal and community risks are reduced. |
| What are the 4 Levels of Containment? | PC1-no risk to operator or community PC2-no risk operator, perceived risk community PC3-risk to operator and community PC4-high risk to operator and community |
| Variable to consider in animal housing-new house? | -accepted health status (from open to SPF to gnotobiotic-germ free), consistent environment-light, temp, bedding, nesting & consistent diet |
| Why use Zebrafish? | -fecund-produce lots of embryos -embryos are free living -fast embryonic development -technology to manipulate their genes is rapid and cheap -optical transparency -genetic similarity to humans -permeability to water borne chemicals |
| Difference between zebrafish & mice? | fish-outside embryos, compared to mice- in utero, chemical uptake from water (fish)to chemicals given to mother, mice need surgery for tissue transplants-direct for fish, observation-real time for fish whereas fixed direct for mice m-model f-phenotype |
| What areas are zebrafish standards lacking in? | health monitoring, water quality and nutrition |
| General standards for keeping zebrafish? | 10 fish/litre 28.5 degrees Celsius-water, room-24 14/10 hrs light/dark like monsoonal <0.02 NH3, <50 NO3, <0.1 NO2 barren tanks |
| Peak Zebrafish production? | 6-12months (just after reach sex maturity) 1yr-tail is off live for 18-24months |
| Life stages of Zebrafish? | Embryo (0), alevin (4), Fry (9), Fingerling (28) and adult (60) |
| Rotifers? | -feed on microalgae -gut loadable nutrition -common in commercial -easy to culture -marine so cant establish in a system This is in comparison to a paramecium |
| Paramecium? | Bacteriovore limited nutrition common in hobby's easy to culture freshwater so can be established in a system |
| Alevin lifestage? | swim bladder enlarges exogenous feeding starts |
| Zebrafish health maintenance? | -daily mortality check -weekly health inspection -weekly scheduled terminations -constant water quality checks -2x daily CSL equipment checks |
| Disease Control-conventional? for zebrafish | -horizontal transmission (fish-fish) by checking aquarium design, embryo bleaching, new animal isolation, tank change limits -vertical transmission (mother-fry) -pathology testing by early detection of disease and options for facility isolation |
| import disease control for zebrafish -quarantine? | -if lifetime-for first 7 days interactions recorded on QTR's and only offspring allows to be removed from area by QAD approval -for post release-they are tracked and monitored by whole tank |
| Recirculating Aquaculture Systems-benefits and limitations? | Benefits- self contained, more control over environment, increased biosecurity, minimal water exchange limitations-water quality-bio,chem,mechanical filtration |
| Controlling water quality? | -life support condition -source of water: municipal-town, reverse osmosis or natural -effluent processing |
| Important water quality factors? | pH-7.5, temp 28.5, CaCO3 >100 DO >6, sality 0.25-0.75, conductivity target 300-1200, hardness tolerance-Ca, Mg, HCO3, CO3 |
| Municipal water benefits and limits? | Benefits-cheaper, available, minimal waste, optional culture use Limits-government regulations on quality, limited pathogen control, limited control over culture condition, needs pre-treatment |
| Reverse Osmosis water benefits and limits? | Benefits-user specified product quality, good pathogen control, good culture control over condition Limits-equipment, higher cost, needs conditioning with sea salt (to increase CaCO3 and conductivity) & hardness generators (increase pH), increased waste |
| Effluent process? | Holding tanks-mechanical filtration-biological filtration-oxygenation & CO2 removal-chemical filtration-disinfection. cycle |
| What is Mechanic filtration? | -removes solids -allows healthy biofilter growth -increases disinfection efficiency -considerations-whether it isolates or removes the waste (welfare consideration), consumables, technical skill for operators, automation-cost |
| What is Biological filtration? | -dedicated media -media allows bacteria growth by providing a substrate -these bacteria breakdown waste products |
| 2 types of bacteria in biological filtration | hetertrophic-use dissolved carbonaceous material chemosynthetic-use ammonia and nitrite and are 5 times slower |
| Ammonia as a waste in fish? | excrete waste as ammonia NH3 through gills and it flows down its concentration gradient to outside environment, if outside is greater than >0.05ppm then it is toxic to the fish due to this gradient |
| What is Chemical filtration? | Dissolved wastes are harder to remove, so use activated carbon or foam fractionation/protein skimming. |
| What is activated carbon-chemical filtration? | -uses process of adsorption to trap pollutants in the carbon substrate pore structure. Removes Cl, Cu (copper), dissolved organic compounds and colloidal solids |
| What is protein skimming-chemical filtration? | uses process of adsorption, hydrophobic pollutants bind to microbubbles-air or ozone and rise in a column to the top where form foam that is dislodged into a foam stream. |
| Disinfection-water for zebrafish? | -reduces micro-organism populations -uses UV or Ozone -UV only stops reproductivity, has a short effectiveness time -ozone is more effective than UV, but higher risk which can be reduced if it is used in a skimmer |
| What is UQBR? | -lab animal housing and care facility -animal importation services -transgenic services -tissue collections -embryo rederivations -colony management |
| Role of Vet Tech in UQBR? | -assist researcher -know basic technical procedures for animal life -know the lab and animal health technical procedures -maintain/manage the colony -husbandry, colony management, facility management & technical procedures |
| Husbandry? | -sexing -identifying pregnancy -basics: food water etc -necropsies -restraint -provide enrichment -health checks |
| Common Health Problems? | -ringtail -barbering (missing bits of hair) -malocclusion (very long teeth) -ulcerative dermatitis -prolapse (red and inflamed vagina) -fight wounds -abnormal enlarged bladder -tumor -dwarfism -hydrocephaly (enlarged brain due to fluid) |
| Colony Management? | -monitor breeder performance -replace breeders if needed -keep reserve breeders -follow a breeding protocol -produce required animal numbers -reduce wastage-protocol (replace, reduce, refine) -maintain colony: genetic control -raise concerns |
| 3 R's in Colony Management? | -replace -reduce -refine |
| Facility Operations? | -dirty cages need to be knocked out -cages washed, then autoclaved -stores topped -lots of water bottles filled -clean cages need bedding |
| Technical procedures? | -injections (IP,IM,SC,IV) -blood collection (saphenous vein-leg, dorsal pedal vein-paw, retro-orbital bleed, cardiac puncture, sub mandibular -euthanasia (CO2, cervical dislocation, lethabarb) -tissue collection- ear notch and toeing-identification |
| Why do we need record keeping? | -legislative reason -research requirement -welfare reason |
| UQBR Supervisor role? | -assist in overall facility management -staff/student supervision -specialized animal husbandry & surgical procedures -ensure biosecurity -general husbandry -assist handling courses -provide reports on operational activities -monitor AEEC no. etc |
| Why do we need lab rodent anaesthesia? | -immobilization -muscle relaxation -unconsciousness |
| When do we use anaesthesia and what are the considerations? | -husbandry and experiments -considerations-animal welfare AEC approval - length - depth - research outcome requirements - recovery or terminal |
| Types of anaesthesia? | -general (gas or injection) -local (topical like emia or injection) |
| Advantages and disadvantages of general gas anaesthesia? | Advantages: oxygen administration during anaesthesia, accurate control over depth, rapid induction and recovery disadvantages: specialized equipment, good ventilation and scavenging system, requires training. |
| Advantages and disadvantages of general injection anaesthesia? | advantages: minimal equipment, rapid induction, titratable dosing, some reversible disadvantages: predetermined dose, need good restraint, individual variation, slow absorption in non IV routes |
| Anaesthetic Monitoring? | -limited equipment -anaesthetic depth -reflexes -muscle tone -body temp -hydration -respiration -mm colour |
| What are the two types of analgesia used? | -NSAIDs -Opioids |
| Common disease continued? | -bacteria or viruses -extoparasites: shown by bite marks with lines on stomach area where inhabit -endoparasites: worms |
| What law are lab animal specifically ruled under? | Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes |
| What is humane killing and euthanasia? | Humane killing-ending a life with no top pain and stress Euthanasia-humane killing that is in the welfare interests of the individual and to alleviate pain and stress |
| When is humane killing used? | -at the end of the study when need to obtain tissue samples -when the animal can no longer be used for breeding purposes -when stock are not suitable or not required |
| When is euthanasia used? | -when pain or stress levels of animal expected to exceed normal levels and cant prevent -health and wellbeing concern |
| Recommended euthanasia? | -CO2 -sodium pentobarbitone (lethabarb) |
| Accepted euthanasia but with reservations? | -isofluorine -cervical dislocation -decapitation -stunning |
| Not accepted euthanasia? | -CO -Nitrogen -chloroform -microwave irradiation -ether -hydrogen cyanide -decompression -rapid freezing |
| Euthanasia Considerations? | -avoid distress -produce rapid unconsciousness -reliable, reproducible, irreversible -appropriate for age and species -minimum restraint -code of practice legislation requirements -compatible to study -simple- administer -safe- operator |
| Main Codes governing use of animals in lab?- in QLD | -QLD animal care and protection act 2001 -Australian code care and use of animals science research -code of practice for the care and housing of lab mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits -NHMRC CODES |
| what do the 3 Rs mean-replace, reduce, refine? | Replace- try and obtain results and purpose of experiment without the use of animals Reduce-reduce no of animals use, but so still have comparable results and same amt of info Refine: minimize pain and enhance wellbeing |
| Animal Ethics? | -actions are considered right or wrong -determines what can and cant do in research experiments (as unethical) -need to apply for approval -animal cruelty and protection act 2001 AEC chairman, vet, researcher, welfare person and no associate |
Created by:
sherloki
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