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Phys Spring 5: Lec 2
Female Repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trace the path of an egg out of the female body | Ovary --> (ovulation) --> oviduct, uterus --> cervix --> vagina |
| What envelops the ovary? | folds & fimbriae of the oviduct, and the broad ligament |
| What is the benefit of enveloping the ovary by other tissues? | Prevents [most] eggs from being lost into the abdomen |
| TRUE or FALSE: Eggs are released in order, 1 from the L ovary, then 1 from the R ovary, etc. | FALSE: eggs are ovulated in random order |
| What type of twins do you get if two eggs are ovulated and fertilized? | Fraternal twins |
| What type (stage) of eggs are females born with? | Primordial follicles |
| What is the structure of a primordial follicle? | A layer of granulosa cells surrounding an egg |
| In response to which hormone do a few follicles begin to develop further past the primordial follicle? | FSH |
| From what is the corpus luteum derived? | The follicular cells that are left behind after an egg is ovulated |
| What is the fxn of the granulosa cells? | To provide nutrients for the egg |
| What is the effect of FSH on the primordial follicle? | Granulosa cells divide into several layers, becoming the primary follicle, then begin to secrete fluid into an internal antrum, which will eventually almost completely surround the egg |
| What is the effect of LH on the developing follicle? | Stimulates the cells on the outer layer of the follicle to produce estrogen |
| What happens as estrogen secretion increases? | Response to FSH & LH increases and the follicle grows dramatically in size |
| What is the diameter of the largest of the developing follicles? | 1-2 cm |
| What happens to the follicles that are not ovulated? | They undergo atresia, which is involution |
| How long does it take for an egg to develop from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory follicle? | 12-14 days |
| When is the concentration of estrogen/estradiol highest? | In the follicular phase |
| When is the concentration of progesterone highest? | In the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase |
| What triggers ovulation? | The LH surge in the follicular phase |
| When is the concentration of FSH highest? | In the follicular phase |
| When do LH & FSH secretion peak? | About 2 days before ovulation |
| What secretes progesterone? | Follicle cells, corpus luteum |
| When do follicle cells begin to secrete progesterone? | Around the same time as the LH & FSH spike - about 2 days before ovulation |
| What is the fxn of proteolytic enzymes in ovulation? | Weakens the follicular wall |
| Discuss ovulation | Fluid is drawn into the follicle by osmosis, causing the follicle to swell until it bursts. The egg & mass of granulosa cells are then forced out of the follicle |
| What causes local vasodilation in regards to ovulation (slide 10)? | PG-I2 |
| What causes the corpus luteum to form? | In response to high LH levels, the remaining follicular cells enlarge to form the corpus luteum |
| What hormones do the corpus luteum secrete? | Lots of progesterone and some estrogen |
| What is the effect of progesterone & estrogen on LH & FSH? | Block LH & FSH secretion, preventing the onset of a few follicular cycle |
| When does the corpus luteum begin to degenerate? | About 12-14 days after LH & FHS levels begin to decrease |
| What is the result of degeneration of the corpus luteum? | Hormone secretion (progesterone and estrogen) rapidly declines |
| What is the fxn of the straight, radial arteries of the endometrium? | Nourish the basal layers of the endometrium |
| What are the (6) birth control methods that inhibit FSH & LH release? | 1. the pill; 2. seasonale pill; 3. morning-after pill; 4. the patch; 5. Depo-provera; 6. Norplant (Jadelle) |
| Describe "the pill" | It roughly parallels the hormone levels of the natural cycle: 7 days of placebo (menstruation), 7 days of estrogen, 7 days of estrogen + progesterone, and 7 days of progesterone only |
| What is the difference between "the pill" and the seasonale pill? | The seasonale eliminates the placebo week, so there is no menstruation |
| TRUE or FALSE: birth control that inhibits FSH & LH release prevents ovulation | TRUE |
| What is the morning-after pill? | A large dose of progesterone |
| What is the patch? | The same as "the pill", only dermally applied |
| What is Depo-provera? | Injection of progesterone in oil, which slowly diffuses out of the oil into the blood, is picked up by a carrier protein, supports the endometrial lining |
| What is Norplant (Jadelle)? | Small plastic tube containing progesterone, lasts 3-5 years |
| What are the (5) methods of birth control that do not inhibit the FSH & LH release, but interfere with the ovarian cycle in other ways? | 1. tubal ligation; 2. Essure; 3. IUD; 4. RU-486; 5. Rhythm |
| What is a problem with "the pill"? | The doses of estrogen and progesterone have to be high enough that after 4-5 half lives there is still enough to prevent FSH & LH release |
| How does tubal ligation interfere with the ovarian cycle? | It involves cutting or blocking the oviducts, analogous to vasectomy |
| How does Essure interfere with the ovarian cycle? | It is a stent that is inserted into the oviducts |
| How do IUDs interfere with the ovarian cycle? | It irritates/inflames the uterus, increasing WBCs and mucus; the Cu++ is toxic to sperm |
| What is an IUD? | a small Cu++ ring or coil in the uterus |
| How does the morning-after pill work? | The large dose of progesterone disrupts the endometrial lining so implantation cannot occur |
| How does RU-486 interfere with the ovarian cycle? | It blocks progesterone receptors |
| How does the rhythm method work? | It involves timing of intercourse using the body's change in temperature, cervical mucus thickness, and LH assays |
| What is an adverse effect of "the patch"? | Some people can have allergic reactions to it (skin rash, etc) |
| What is an adverse effect Depo-provera? | Can get random spotting |
| What is an adverse effect Norplant (Jadelle)? | Can get random spotting |
| How does body temperature change throughout the menstrual cycle? | It increases right after ovulation, and remains elevated for about 10 days |
| Relate hormone levels to the endometrial wall | It is thinnest after menstruation (levels of all hormones are lowest). FSH & LH trigger the beginning of the thickening of the endometrium, and it is thickest with the highest levels of progesterone (which coincides with the luteal phase) |
| Relate the phases of the ovarian cycle to phases of the endometrial development | Menstrual phase + primary & secondary follicle (beginning of follicular phase); Proliferative phase + vesicular follicle (end of follicular phase); Secretory phase + luteal phase |
| How does estrogen affect the endometrium? | Inc estrogen secretion from the ovary causes proliferation of endometrial cells |
| How thick is the endometrium by the time of ovulation? | 3-5mm |
| How does progesterone affect the endometrium? | After ovulation progesterone causes swelling and glandular proliferation |
| What is the fxn of the spiral arteries of the endometrium? | Supply the upper layer of the endometrium, has numerous venous anastomoses |
| What happens to the arterial supply of the endometrium when there is no progesterone? | The spiral arteries contract, and the endometrial tissue necroses |
| How long does the corpus luteum live? | 12-14 days |
| What causes degeneration of the corpus luteum? | After 12-14 days progesterone secretion has decreased to very low levels, and the maintenance of the secretory cells of the endometrium is lost |
| What causes vasoconstriction in regards to menstruation (slide 15)? | PG-F2 |
| What causes shedding of the endometrium ? | PG-F2 causes vasoconstriction, the innermost layer of the endometrium undergoes necrosis and hemorrhage, and unterine contractions force the remaining tissue out thru the cervix |
| What causes release of FSH & LH? | Secretion of GnRH from the anterior pituitary |
| What inhibits secretion of GnRH? | Estrogen and progesterone secretion by the follicle |
| What do FSH & LH initiate? | Development of the follicles |
| What happens after about 12 days of rising estrogen levels? | There is a spike in FSH & LH, which is called the pre-ovulatory surge |
| What is the result of the pre-ovulatory surge? | Ovulation |
| When does progesterone secretion occur, and what does that affect? | Occurs after ovulation, inhibiting further FSH & LH release |
| What happens hormonally 24-48 hours before ovulation? | Levels of estrogen have switched from being inhibitory to now stimulatory, so in the presence of estrogen secretion of (mostly) LH and FSH dramatically increase |
| Why does estrogen initially have an inhibitory effect? | The initial estrogen binds to high-affinity receptors, and these receptors have an inhibitory effect |
| Why does estrogen eventually switch to have a stimulatory effect? | After the high-affinity receptors are saturated, estrogen binds to lower-affinity receptors, which have a stimulatory effect |
| What is another theory about why estrogen could have different effects at different times? | There could be a timed expression of different estrogen receptors in the pituitary & hypothalamus |
| During which days of the menstrual cycle does "the pill" inhibit FSH & LH release? | days 7-14 |
| Describe the change in urinary gonadotropin (FSH & LH) release in a woman as she ages | Before puberty there is no FSH or LH release. During puberty there is a small increase, it continues to slowly increase until menopause, when there is a very large jump in urinary gonadotropin levels in a very short amount of time. |
| Compare urinary gonadotropin levels between men & women as they age | The levels are about the same until about age 20, then women begin to secrete more, and then at menopause there is a very large difference between men & women. Both peak around age 60yo. |
| Relate FSH & LH levels in women to progesterone & estrogen at menopause | At menopause secretion of estrogen & progesterone cease, which is also the time that FSH & LH spike |
Created by:
hclark86
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