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Cardiovascular
Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 Main Parts of Cardiovascular System | Heart (pump), Blood (whats being pumped), Vessels (pump) |
| Cells of the body are serviced by what two fluids | Blood and Interstitial Fluid |
| What is blood composed of | Plasma and a variety of cells |
| What is blood | - Classified as a tissue of the body - Fully Moveable tissue since it circulates throughout the vascular blood |
| 6 Physiological Roles of the blood | 1. Gas Transport 2. Nutrient Transport 3. Waste Removal - Transport 4. Temperature Regulation 5. Infection - immunological defense 6. Protection from disease and fluid loss |
| What Percent of a persons body weight is blood | 8% |
| Average male has how many liters of blood | 5 liters |
| Average female has how many liters of blood | 4-5 liters |
| Components of blood | 55% Plasma 45% formed elements |
| Percent of water in blood plasma | 90% |
| Percent of plasma proteins | 7% |
| Percent of other substances in blood plasma | 2% |
| Other substances found in blood plasma | Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Thrombocyte |
| Erythrocytes are also known as this | Red Blood Cells (RBC) |
| What is blood doping | Injecting previously stored RBC's before an athletic event |
| Why is blood doping so dangerous | Increases blood viscosity and forces the heart to work harder |
| What is Induced Polycythemia | Blood doping, exogenous EPO, altitude exposure, hypobaric chamber |
| Hematrocrit | Percentage of blood volume composed by RBC |
| Anemia | RBC Deficiency |
| What are RBC's made from | Bone Marrow |
| Leukocytes are also known as | White Blood Cells (WBC) |
| Number of WBC per drop of blood | 5000-10000 1 WBC for every 700 RBC |
| Thrombocytes are also known as | Platelets |
| Normal Platelet count | 150,000 - 400,000/drop of blood |
| Definition of blood clotting | Consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in which the formed elements are trapped |
| What is a Vascular Spasm | Contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles or arteries |
| Platelet Plug Formation | Platelet adhesion to blood vessel, aggregation and then platelet plug |
| What are ventricles | Primary pumping chambers of the heart |
| Atrioventricular Valves | Separate the atria and ventricles |
| Semi Lunar Valves | Separate the ventricles from the blood vessels leaving the heart |
| 3 Layers of the heart wall | Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| Epicardium | Visceral layer of serous pericardium |
| Myocardium | Cardiac muscle layer is the bulk of the heart |
| Endocardium | Chamber lining and valves |
| 3 parts of blood flow | Systemic, Pulmonary, Coronary Circulations |
| Blue Blood flows means this | Deoxygenated |
| Red blood flow indicates this | Oxygenated |
| Coronary Arteries | Deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscles |
| Coronary Veins | Collects wastes from cardiac muscles |
| Myocardial Ischemia | - Reduced blood flow through coronary arteries - Causes hypoxia and may weaken the myocardial cells - Often manifested through angina pectoris |
| Infarction | - Complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery (heart attack) - Tissue distal to the obstruction dies and is replaced by scar tissue |
| Pacemakers | Pacemaker cells at the sinoatrial node fires spontaneously acting as a pacemaker and forming conduction system for the heart |
| Regulation by the ANS | ANS Signals such as epinephrine modify HR and contractility, but they do not establish the fundamental rhythm |
| Use of an ECG | Helps to determine if the conduction pathway is abnormal |
| Systole | Contraction |
| Diastole | Relaxation |
| Atrial Contraction | Blood goes into ventricle, AV valves open, SL valves close |
| Isovolumetric Contraction | Ventricles Contract, AV Valves close, pressure increases, begins to open SL waves |
| Ventricular Filling | Pressure in atria increases, AV valves open and ventricles fill |
| Mean arterial pressure | The average amount of pressure in the systemic arteries |
| Calculation for Mean Arterial Pressure | MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP |
| 2 Variables in creating pressure | 1. The amount of fluid being pumped into the system 2. The amount resistance the system generates against the flow |
| 2 Variables that can alter pressure | 1. Change the amount of blood pumped 2. Changing the amount of resistance |
| 3 Influences for amount of resistance | 1. Thickness of the blood 2. The diameter of vessels 3. The distance the blood travels |
| Factors Affecting Stroke Volume | Contractility, Preload, Afterload |
| Contractility | The forcefulness of contraction of the ventricle fibers, depends on the calcium kinetics and agents that increase of decrease the availability of calcium in sarcolemma |
| Preload | The degree of stretch of the heart before contraction |
| Afterload | The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve opens and blood can be sent to pulmonary and systemic circulation |
| Electrocardiograms | Impulse conduction through the heart generates electrical currents that can be detected at the surface of the body |
| ECG or EKG | A recording of the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle |
| The ECG Helps to determine what | If the conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and if certain regions are damaged |
| ECG Vectors | Activity that progresses "side to side" without moving towards or away from the lead is measured as no or an alternating vector |
| ECG Leads | Each ECG Lead looks at the heart from a different angle |
| Cardiac Cycle Phases | Atrial Contraction, Isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling |
| Atrial Contraction | Blood goes into ventricle, AV valves open, SL valves close |
| Isovolumetric Contraction | Ventricles contract, AV valves close, pressure increases, begins to open SL waves |
| Ventricular Ejection | SL valves open, blood is ejected to pulmonary and systemic circulations |
| Isovolumetric relaxation | All 4 valves are closed, atria fills with blood, intraventricular pressure decreases |
| Ventricular Filling | Pressure in atria increases, AV Valves open and ventricles fill |
| Calculation for amount of blood pumped | Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (beats/minute) x Stroke Volume (amount/beat) |
| Venous Return | Volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins |
| SVR | Systemic Vascular Resistance |
| TPR | Total Peripheral Resistance |
| SVR or TPR | Same things, sum of all friction between blood and the walls of vessels |
| 3 influences of SVR or TPR | Size of lumen, blood viscosity, total blood vessel length |
| Hemodynamics | Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure |
| How does the change in the diameter of the lumen affect flow | The SMALLER the radius of the vessel, the GREATER the resistance it offers to blood |
| Blood viscosity depends on this | Ratio of RBC to Plasma (hematocrit) |
| Regulation of blood pressure | Neural, Hormonal, Autoregulation |
| Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure | Signals to smooth muscle, and regulating vessel diameter |
| Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure | - Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone System - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine - ADH - ATP |
Created by:
brianamikel
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