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FSHN 350- Exam 4
FSHN 350- Quiz 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many amino acids in nature/how many to make proteins | 140/20 |
| conditionally essential AA example | PKU patients need tyrosine (can't convert phe) |
| protein digestion in the stomach | gastrin stimulates HCl release; HCl activates pepsin |
| inactive form of an enzyme is called | zymogen |
| protein digestion in small intestine | CCK stimulates release of proteases |
| proteases (3) | trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases (a and b) |
| peptide absorption | di and tri peptides; PEPT1 (H+/peptide cotransporter); converted to AA once inside enterocyte |
| 5 fates of amino acids | non-protein compounds that contain N; body proteins like enzymes; fat from carbon skeletons; glucose production; energy from carbon skeleton |
| amino acid pool | 150g circulating in blood plasma and cytosol of cells |
| glutathione | synthesized from glycine, cysteine, and glutamate; antioxidant; reduced form GSH is ~10x higher than oxidized form GSSG |
| carnitine | synthesized from lysine; used for LGFA transport |
| creatine | replenishes ATP during short/hard bouts of exercise |
| choline | synthesized from serene; converts homocysteine to methionine (linked to CVD) |
| transamination | transfer of an amino acids group form one AA to an alpha meta acid (AA skeleton) |
| transamination of alanine to pyruvate enzyme | alanine amino transferase |
| transamination of aspartate to oxaloacetate enzyme | aspartate amino transferase |
| deamination | removal of amino group to make alpha keto acid and ammonia |
| threonine->alpha keto butyrate enzyme | threonine dehydratase |
| two AA that are only ketogenic | leucine and lysine |
| ketogenic misnomer | not all made into ketones; just acetyl coA for TCA cycle OR ketones |
| branched chain amino acids | isoleucine, leucine, valine; reduce muscle soreness (readily oxidized in skeletal muscle) |
| two ways to determine nitrogen balance | measure excretion in urine/feces; measure protein intake (16% nitrogen) |
| Kwashiorkor | inadequate protein w/ sufficient kcal |
| Marasmus | severe deficiency in overall kcals |
| Sarcopenia | loss of ~1/2% per year of muscle b/w ages 30-50; 1-2% after age 50 |
| risks of high protein diets | renal damage if have impaired renal function; dehydration; can still gain weight from carbon |
| Minnesota Starvation Experiment | physical and mental effects of starvation; 1800 kcal per day whilst burning 3000 kcal per day |
| alcohol isn't ___, it's ____ | alcohol isn't digested, it's metabolized |
| where is alcohol absorbed? | some stomach; mostly small intestine |
| where is alcohol metabolized? | liver; the rest circulates throughout the body |
| where is MEOS used? | the brain; may be associated w/ TIQs and addiction |
| factors that affect BAC | size, time, fullness, male/female *less ADH, drinking frequency, East Asians/American Indians *less ALDH |
| orders of parts of the brain alcohol affects | cortex, forebrain, cerebellum, brain stem |
| what causes hangovers? | build-up of acetaldehyde and acetate |
| negative metabolic effects of alcohol | slows down glycolysis, beta oxidation, TCA cycle; increased lactate production |
| three stages of alcoholic fatty liver disease | fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis |
| cirrhosis | last stage of alcoholic fatty liver disease; liver cells die and are replaced w/ scar tissue |
| consequences of chronic alcohol abuse | gastritis/pancreatitis/GERD; malnutrition, cancer (more common in men) |
| pathophysiology of alcohol dependence | not well understood; affects neurotransmitters; may be connected to gene variants of ADH and ALDH |
| Disulfiram | (antabuse) prevents elimination of acetaldehyde to cause hangovers |
| Naltrexone | blocks opoid receptors (thus no endorphins from them) |
| Acomprosate/Campral | blocks glutamate actions (which is hyperactive in post-withdrawl phase) |
| French Paradox | higher butter, smoking, alcohol in France but less CVD |
| J-shaped curve | abstainer and heavy drinkers have higher death rates than moderate drinkers |
| polyphenols | aromatic rings w/ hydroxyl groups; found in alcholo |
| four classes of polyphenols | phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans |
| polyphenols and wine | 10x more in red than white wine |
| polyphenol health benefits | antioxidant, lower LDL, anti-inflammatory, increase HDL, vasodilation, inhibit tumor growth |
| resveratrol | extends lifespan in yeast; exercise performance, cancer reduction, antidiabetic, reduced atherosclerosis, reduced alzheimer's in animal models |
| Sirtris | paid $720 million for enzyme that mediates effects of resveratrol |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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