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Anemias
For Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathophysiological causes of anemia | Blood loss, decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction |
| Signs and symptoms of anemia | Tired, loss of breath, pale in color, low BP, slight fever, some edema |
| Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC counts all decreased | Quantitative measures |
| Two types of Blood Loss Anemia | Acute and Chronic |
| Loss of 20% or more of blood due to traumatic condition | Acute Blood Loss Anemia causes |
| Shock and cardiovascular problems, does not produce immediate anemia | Results of Acute Blood Loss Anemia |
| Decrease of hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC, platelet levels, and left shift of WBC | Acute Blood Loss Anemia clinical findings |
| Healthy people: normocytic normochromic cells, 3-5 days later macrocytosis will be seen | Acute Blood Loss Anemia microscope observations |
| Disorders of the GI tract, heavy menstruation, urinary tract abnormalities | Chronic Blood Loss Anemia causes |
| Continual loss of blood and usually leads to iron deficiency anemia | Chronic Blood Loss Anemia |
| Normal or slightly elevated retics, normal or slightly decreased WBC and platelets | Chronic Blood Loss clinical findings |
| Hypochromic microcytic cells | Chronic Blood Loss microscopic observations |
| Hypoproliferative disorder of pluripotential or erthroid committee stem cells | Aplastic Anemia |
| Failure to produce RBC, WBC, and megakaryocytes, CD34 cell population | Aplastic Anemia causes |
| Idiopathic, constitutional, iatrogenic, infection | Forms of Aplastic Anemia |
| Sudden appearance, immune process involving antibodies against stem cells and cellular immune mechanism | Aplastic Anemia pathophysiology |
| Phases of Aplastic Anemia | Onset, recovery, and late disease |
| Total bone marrow failure, high risk for malignant diseases or hemo disorders | Aplastic Anemia features |
| Pancytopenia, decreased granulocytes, platelets, and retics | Aplastic Anemia clinical findings |
| Deficient production of all blood types | Pancytopenia |
| Normocytic normochromic cells, few erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytes in bone marrow | Aplastic Anemia microscopic findings |
| Immunosuppressant therapy (transplant rejection drugs) | Aplastic Anemia treatment |
| Congenital form of Aplastic anemia | Fanconi's Anemia |
| Low birth weight, skin hyperpigmentation, skeletal disorders, may include mental retardation | Fanconi's Anemia symptoms |
| Progressive pancytopenia, low hemoglobin level | Fanconi's Anemia clinical findings |
| DNA test that determines abnormalities pre and post-natally with Fanconi's Anemia | HLA typing |
| Bone marrow transplant with steroids and androgens, recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | Fanconi's Anemia treatment |
| Subset of Fanconi's Anemia that's diagnosed 1-77 years old | Familial Aplastic Anemia |
| Pancytopenia, hypocellular bone marrow, no major development anomalies seen | Familial Aplastic Anemia clinical findings |
| Congenital, acquired chronic, acute | Pure Red Cell Aplasia causes |
| Selective failure of RBC production, WBC and platelets normal | Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia |
| Associated with drugs, collagen vascular and lympho-proliferative disorders | Chronic Pure Red Cell Aplasia |
| Congenital hypoplastic anemia, slow progressive and refractory anemia | Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome causes |
| Normal WBC and platelets | Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome clinical findings |
| Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome severe cases | RBC normochromic and slight macrocytic |
| Occurs in healthy children <8 years, previous viral infection common Transient | Erythroblastopenia of Childhood |
| Moderate to severe normocytic anemia, severe reticulocytopenia | Transient Erythroblastopenia clinical finding |
| Abnormality of erythropoiesis production, contains multinuclear erythroblasts | Congenital Dyseryhropoietic Anemia |
| Congenital Dyseryhropoietic Anemia most common type | Type 2 |
| Decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC, decreased WBC and platelets if all cell lines involved | Congenital Dyseryhropoietic Anemia clinical findings |
| Happens after body's iron stores depleted, most frequently occurring type of anemia | Iron Deficiency Anemia |
| Nutritional deficiency, fault/incomplete iron absorption, pregnancy, excessive blood loss | 4 causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia |
| Average adult needs 3.5-5.0 g, more if pregnant or lactating | Iron requirements |
| Used for oxygen binding and biochemical reactions | Operational iron |
| 2 types of dietary iron | Iron salts and heme iron |
| Non-heme iron, variable absorbtion | Iron salts |
| Mainly from hemoglobin and myoglobin in meat, readily absorbed | Heme iron |
| Fe2+ 5-10% absorbed of total dietary intake, absorbed iron attaches to transferrin | Iron absorption |
| Increased brain blood flow, reversible fontanels bulging in infants, craving things like wood, ice, chalk, or dirt | Iron Deficiency Anemia signs and symptoms |
| Hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, retics, and ferritin levels all decreased, serum iron and transferrin saturation significantly decreased | Iron Deficiency Anemia clinical findings |
| Results from illness and not related to nutrition | Anemia of Inflammation or Chronic Disorders |
| Hemocrit fixed at 28-32% range, hemoglobin normal to decreased | Anemia of Inflammation or Chronic Disorders clinical findings |
| Normocytic normochromic mostly, hypochromic microcytic in 1/3-1/4 of cases | Anemia of Inflammation or Chronic Disorders microscopic findings |
| Also known as anemia of iron overload | Sideroblastic Anemia |
| Congenital and acquired defect, malignant marrow disorders, secondary to drugs, toxins | Sideroblastic Anemia causes |
| Sideroblastic Anemia clinical findings | Severe anemia |
| Hypochromic microcytic cells, target cells, basophilic stippling, dimorphic populations | Sideroblastic Anemia microscopic findings |
| May require blood transfusions | Sideroblastic Anemia treatment |
| 2 categories of Megaloblastic Anemias | Vitamin B12 deficiencies and folic acid deficiencies |
| Megaloblastic Anemias types | Acquired (most common) and congenital |
| Measurement of Vitamin B12 or folic acid levels | Diagnosis for Megaloblastic Anemias |
| Parasitic infection, malabsorption syndrome, nutritional deficiencies of B12, Pernicious anemia | Vitamin B12 Deficiencies causes |
| Abnormal absorption, pregnancy, alcohol | Folic Acid Deficiencies causes |
| Most common megaloblastic anemia, can be asymptomatic 20-30 years before appearing | Pernicious Anemia |
| Lemon-yellow skin color, mouth corner cracking, painful tongue, tiredness, heart failure | Megaloblastic Anemia signs and symptoms |
| When one factor is missing and development of RBC is impacted | Megaloblastic dyspoiesis |
| Intrinsic factor, Transcobalamin II, R-proteins | Proteins that bind Vitamin B12 |
| Binds to dietary Vitamin B12 and forms Vitamin B12-IF complex | Intrinsic factor |
| Receptor and principle carrier of B12 to liver and tissues | Transcobalamin II |
| Bind cobalamin with various cobalamin analogues | R-proteins |
| Reduced to methyl tetrahydrofolate and delivered to the tissues, methyl released to combine with homocyteine which coverts to an amino acid | Folic acid metabolism |
| Deficiencies in TCII | Can produce a vitamin deficiency |
| Hemoglobin and RBC levels very low, MCV and MCH increased, retics less than 1%, platelets decreased | Megaloblastic Anemia clinical findings |
| Significant anisocytosis and poiklocytosis, macrocytes and ovalocytes, cabot rings, Howell-Jolly bodies, basophilic stippling, neutropenia | Megaloblastic Anemia microscopic findings |
| Tests for evidence of impaired Vitamin B12 absorption | Shilling Test |
| Shilling Test indicates >10% Cbl excretion indicated lack of IF production | Pernicious Anemia after step 2 |
| Shilling Test indicates low excreted amounts of Cbl at 2nd step | Abnormal intestinal absorption after step 2 |
| Monthly injection of intramuscular B12 for deficiency | Treatment for Megaloblastic Anemia |
| Increased RCB destruction, bone marrow fails to increase RBC production | Hemolytic Anemia |
| Hemolytic Anemia where there is alteration in the RBC membrane | Inherited or acquired |
| Sites of hemolysis in Hemolytic Anemia | Intravascular or extravascular |
| Defects in basic membrane structure, hereditary spherocytosis, abnormality of membrane protein Ankyrin | Inherited Hemolytic Anemia |
| Assesses defects in the phospholipid bilayer of the RBC membrane | Osmotic Fragility Test |
| Heterogeneous group of inborn disorder where there is an overabundance of RBC | Hereditary Elliptocytosis |
| Rare autosomal recessive disorder seen mainly in Afro-Americans, severe anemia | Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis |
| Genetic hemoglobin defects, Thalassemia, lead poisoning, and stem cells are seen | Hereditary Stomatocytosis |
| Permeability disorder which causes net loss of K+ with budding, fragments, and microspherocytes | Hereditary Xerocytosis |
| Rare hereditary disorder with mild chronic anemia and stomatocytes & spherocytes, hgb levels 11-13g/dL | Rh null Disease - Rh deficiency syndrome |
| Dense contracted or spherical RBC with spiny projections with causes mild anemia in adults | Acanthocytosis |
| Form of Acanthocytosis found in people with alcoholic cirrhosis, hgb 5-7g/dL, retics 10-20% | Spur Cell Hemolytic Anemia |
| Associated with Acanthocytosis in peripheral blood that is a neurodegenerative disorder | Neuroacanthocytosis |
| Deficiencies in G6PD-Glucose-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate Kinase, and Methemoglobin Reductase | Erythrocytic Enzyme Defects |
| Results in acute hemolysis of RBC and hemolytic anemia, may be caused by a severe burn or trauma | Acquired Hemolytic Anemia |
| Chemicals, drugs, venom, infectious microorganisms, and immune mechanisms | Causes intravascular hemolysis |
| Mediated by IgG warm antibodies, complement and IgM cold antibodies, patients may also have systemic lupus erythematosus | Warm & Cold - type Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
| Following the administration of drugs | Drug Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia |
| Optimally activated at 4C and can cause intravascular or extravascular hemolysis | Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
| Hallmark of hemolytic anemia seen in peripheral blood smear | Spherocytes |
| Clonal acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder that causes intermittent, sleep associated blood in the urine | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemogloburia |
| Hemoglobin <6g/dL, hypochromic microcytic cells | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemogloburia clinical findings |
| Blood transfusion, antibiotics, and anticoagulants | Treatment for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemogloburia |
| Antibody attaches to RBC in cool temps, complement activates at warm temps which cause biphasic hemolysis | Paroxysmal Cold Hemogloburia |
Created by:
DChalue413
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